Geography Part 5 Revision Test In English

Explanation: An earthquake is a sudden vibration of the part of the earth caused by plate movements. It occurs along the plate boundaries. The place inside the earth where an earthquake originates is focus.

Explanation: The point on the earth’s surface above the called a focus is called an epicentre. The damage caused by the earthquake is the highest near the epicentre.

Explanation: The earthquake is measured by an instrument called a Seismograph. It is recorded in Richter scale.

Explanation: Japan is in a very active seismic area and it has the densest seismic network in the world.

Explanation: As per Pew Research Center analysis of 198 countries on April 11, 2015. Syria tops in riot in the world followed by Nigeria, Iraq and India.

Explanation: On an average, in India, every year, about 25,000 persons die due to fires and related causes. Female accounts for about 66% of those killed in fire accidents. It is estimated that about 42 females and 21 males die every day in India due to fire.

Explanation: Tropical Cyclone Vardha hit Chennai on 12 December, 2016. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) reports that at least 10 people have died in Tamil Nadu.

Explanation: Lightning bolts travel at the speed of up to 80,000 km / second. The average length of a single lightning bolt is 3-4km.

The April 2015 Nepal Earthquake (also known as the Gorkha Earthquake) killed nearly 9,000 people and injured nearly 22,000. It occurred on 25 April, with a magnitude of 8.1 Richter scale. Its epicentre was east of Gorkha District at Barpak.

Explanation: The air temperature, when lightning occurs, is as hot as 9982.2 °C.

Explanation: Lightning flashes more than 3 million times a day or 40 times a second worldwide. • An average lightning bolt can release enough energy to operate a 100-watt light bulb for more than three months straight (about 250 kilowatt-hours of energy).

Explanation: On an average, 232 million people are affected by different types of disasters every year.

Explanation: Districts in Tamil Nadu which are frequently affected by cyclones: All the 13 coastal Districts of Tamil Nadu are affected by cyclonic storms which occur during MayJune and in October-November months. These Districts are: Tiruvallur, Chennai, Kancheepuram, Villupuram, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Tiruvarur, Thanjavur, Pudukkottai, Ramanathapuram, Tuticorin, Tirunelveli and Kanniyakumari.

Explanation: India is exposed to nearly 10 percent of the world’s tropical cyclones.

Explanation: You can hear thunder from about 16 km of its starting point.

Explanation: If you are in a building it is necessary to close windows, doors, ventilation pipes and chimneys. Do not stand under an umbrella.Do not run during the occurrence of lightning; move slowly towards a shelter because the air flow may attract lightning; Do not take a shower because both water and metal conduct electricity. If you are in an open area during a thunderstorm, do not stand under a tall tree. Lighting is most damaging for tall trees. It is better to stay 30-40 meters away from them. Avoid trees that are standing separately. Remember that lightning does not strike bushes.

Explanation: Recognizing the importance of Disaster Risk Reduction in 2005, 168 governments and all leading development and humanitarian actors signed the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), committing themselves to a ten-year multi-stakeholder and multi-sector plan to invest in disaster risk reduction as a means to building disaster-resilient societies.

Explanation: In India around 68 percent of the country is prone to drought. Of the entire area 35 percent receives rain falls between 750 mm and 1,125 mm which is considered drought prone.and 33 percent areas receive rainfalls less than 750 mm is considered to be chronically drought prone.

Explanation: The National Flood Control Program was launched in the country in 1954.

Explanation: Practice of Drop, Cover, Hold-Mock drill is important for earthquake.

Explanation: The Gaofen 4 is the world's most powerful GEO spy satellite (launched in 2015) which can provide instant coverage of earthquake or typhoon hit areas to support humanitarian relief. It will also allow China to monitor strategic foreign sites such as WMD facilities and naval bases inside its observation box.

Explanation: The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), was headed by Gro Harlem Brundtland, then the Prime Minister of Norway. This commission came to be known as the Brundtland Commission, which submitted its report, entitled Our common future, to the UN in 1987.

Explanation: In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly formally adopted the "Universal, integrated and transformative"2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The goals are to be implemented and achieved in every country from the year 2016 to 2030.

Explanation: In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly formally adopted the "Universal, integrated and transformative"2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Explanation: To address climate change, countries adopted the Paris Agreement at the COP21 in Paris on 12 December 2015. The Agreement entered into force shortly thereafter, on 4 November 2016. In the agreement, all countries agreed to work to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C, and given the grave risks, to strive for 1.5°C.Explanation: To address climate change, countries adopted the Paris Agreement at the COP21 in Paris on 12 December 2015. The Agreement entered into force shortly thereafter, on 4 November 2016. In the agreement, all countries agreed to work to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C, and given the grave risks, to strive for 1.5°C.

Explanation: UNFCCC Process for Climate Change Adaptation, On17, May 2017: Policy makers, implementers, supporters and investors from all over the world met during the UNFCCC Bonn Climate Change Conference at the Technical Expert Meeting (TEM) on Adaptation to discuss ‘Integrating climate change adaptation with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

Explanation: Frost- free season (and growing season) will lengthen. Changes in precipitation patterns - The contrast between wet and dry areas will increase globally. In other words, the wet areas will get wetter and the dry areas will get drier. Arctic likely to become ice-free - The Arctic Ocean is expected to become essentially ice free in summer before mid-century.

Explanation: EIA was introduced in India in 1978, with respect to river valley projects. On 27 January 1994, the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF), Government of India, under the Environmental (Protection) Act 1986, made Environmental Clearance (EC) mandatory for expansion or modernisation or for setting up new projects listed in Schedule 1 of the notification.

Explanation: Scientists have determined that global sea level has been steadily rising since 1900 at a rate of at least 0.1 to 0.25 centimeter per year.

Explanation: The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), was headed by Gro Harlem Brundtland, then the Prime Minister of Norway.

Explanation: Sweden leads the list, followed by Denmark and Finland. Among the G7 countries, only Germany and France can be found among the top ten performers.

Explanation: India ranks 116 out of 157 nations on a global index that assesses the performance of countries towards achieving the ambitious sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Explanation: GOAL 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries

Explanation: United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets are part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by 193 Member States at the UN General Assembly Summit in September 2015, and which came into effect on 1 January 2016.

Explanation: Kyoto protocol was signed in 1997.

Explanation: In 1980 the International Union for the Conservation of Nature introduced the term "sustainable development". Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Explanation: The Objective of EIA (i) To identify, predict and evaluate the economic, environmental and social impact of development activities (ii) To provide information on the environmental consequences for decision making and (iii) To promote environmentally sound and sustainable development through the identification of appropriate alternatives and mitigation measures.

Explanation: Baripada, a small hamlet straddling the Maharashtra-Gujarat border, is a collective tribal wisdom which has taken it to the next level. With a population of barely 1,000, the village has not only helped conserve their forest but also meet the United Nations’ sustainable development goals, benefiting everyone in the process.

Explanation: Earth Summit: The high level intergovernmental meeting on environment of the earth held in Rio-de-Janeiro, brazil in june 1992.

Explanation: Aerosol: Fine liquid, solid or gas particulates that remain suspended in the atmosphere for varying periods.

Explanation: In 1962:Rachel Carson’s Book “Silent Spring” becomes the catalogue for modern environmentalism.

Explanation: Drowning is the 3rd leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths. There are an estimated 3,72,000 annual drowning deaths worldwide.

Explanation: A natural gas vent in Iraq known as The Eternal Fire of Baba Gurgur, meaning 'Father of Fire' has been burning continuously for over 4,000 years, and it has been mentioned by Herodotus, and Plutarch.

Explanation: December 3, 1984 A cloud of methyl isocyanate gas leaked from the UNION CARBIDE pes-cide plant.

Explanation: Shockingly, about 90 percent of drowning cases occur in freshwater. Th e reason involves a bit of chemistry. Fresh water is more similar in composition to our own blood than salt water. When it is inhaled into the lungs, it passes into the bloodstream through osmosis. When the blood is so radically diluted, cells burst, leading to organ failure. The entire process takes two to three minutes. Ocean water contains far more salt than human blood. When it is aspirated, the body attempts to regulate itself by transferring water into the lungs, thickening the blood. It takes considerably longer to kill a person, between 8 to 10 minutes, allowing a much greater chance of rescue.

Explanation: Ocean water contains far more salt than human blood. When it is aspirated, the body attempts to regulate itself by transferring water into the lungs, thickening the blood. It takes considerably longer to kill a person, between 8 to 10 minutes, allowing a much greater chance of rescue.

Explanation: A natural hazard is a natural process and event that is a potential threat to human life and property. The process and events themselves are not a hazard but become so because of human use of the land. A disaster is a hazardous event that occurs over a limited time span in a defined area and causes great damage to property/ loss of life, also needs assistance from others. A catastrophe is a massive disaster that requires significant expenditure of money and a long time (often years) for recovery.

Explanation: Socio-natural hazards (Quasi-natural hazards): these are caused by the combined effect of natural forces and misdeeds of human. Some of the examples are: The frequency and intensity of floods and droughts may increase due to indiscriminate felling of trees, particularly in the catchment areas of the rivers. Landslides are caused by natural forces and their frequency, and impact may be aggravated as a result of construction of roads, houses etc., in mountainous areas, excavating tunnels and by mining and quarrying. Storm surge hazards may be worsened by the destruction of mangroves. Smog is a serious problem in most big urban areas. The emissions from vehicles and industries, combustion of wood and coal together combined with fog leads to smog.

Explanation: Hazards can be grouped into eight caregories Atmospheric hazard – Tropical storms, Thunderstorms, Lightning, Tornadoes, Avalanches, Heat waves, Fog and Forest fire. Geologic/Seismic hazard – Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Landslides and Land subsidence. Hydrologic hazard – Floods, Droughts, Coastal erosion and Storm surges. Volcanic hazard – Eruptions and Lava flows. Environmental hazard – Pollution of soil/ air/water, Desertification, Global warming and Deforestation. Biological hazard – Chickenpox, Smallpox, AIDS [HIV] and Killer bees. Technological hazard – Hazardous material incidents, Fires, Infrastructure failures [Bridges, Tunnels, Dams] and Nuclear/ Radiological accidents. Human-induced hazard – Terrorism, Mass shootings, War, Transportation accidents and Civil disorder.

Explanation: Any lack of water to satisfy the normal needs of agriculture, livestock, industry or human population may be termed as a drought. Further, the drought could be classified into three major types as, Meteorological drought: it is a situation where there is a reduction in rainfall for a specific period below a specific level. Hydrological drought: it is associated with reduction of water in streams, rivers and reservoirs. It is of two types, a) Surface water drought, and b) Groundwater drought. Agricultural drought: it refers to the condition in which the agricultural crops get affected due to lack of rainfall.

Explanation: About one third area of the country is affected by drought. It severely affects 16% of the land area and 12% of the total population of India. The areas that receive an annual rainfall of less than 60 cm are the drought prone regions of India.

Explanation: The word ‘Tsunami’ is derived from Japanese word ‘tsu’ meaning harbour and ‘nami’ meaning wave (Harbour wave).

Explanation: Keep your hands by your chest is the rule of action.

Explanation: December 3, 1984 A cloud of methyl isocyanate gas leaks from the UNION CARBIDE pes-cide plant in Bhopal.

Explanation: The spreading speed of low fire is 1-3 m/sec and high fire may reach up to 100m/sec.

Explanation: Hyogo Framework for Action – a global blueprint for disaster risk reduction efforts between 2005 and 2015 – by providing specific operational guidance for promoting disaster risk. reduction.

Explanation: Emergency Planning: A comprehensive risk analysis indicating the impact of consequences and practiced emergency procedures should be done. This can be done by communities as well as national or regional corporation authorities.

Explanation: According to 2001 census, The level of urbanization in TamilNadu is 44 percentage.

Explanation: The Process by which an Eco system Species become extinct is known as Loss of Bio diversity.

Explanation: The Most Abundant metal found in Ewastes is Copper.

Explanation: The word Tsunami has been derived from Japanese word Harbour Wave.

Explanation: UNESCO’S Man and Biosphere program was established in the year 1977.

Explanation: FRLHT - Foundation and Revitalization of Local Health and Traditions.

Explanation: Areas of Marshy lands not exceeding 6M depth of water are Classified as Wetlands.

Explanation: For Constant Supply of Forest products in the region the aforest area should be atleast 1l3 rd of Total area.

Explanation: Pulicat Lake is Not a Biospher reserve.

Explanation: Acid Rai was first discovered in the year 1852.

Explanation: Natural Nutrient enrichment of Salt and Lakes is Known as Eutrophication.

Explanation: The International day for Disaster reduction is celebrated on Oct 13 every year.

Explanation: Tamilnadu is situated in Zone II

Explanation: Seismograph is used to measure the Earthquakes.

Explanation: The Indonesian Forest Fire Occurred due to the El NinO effect.

Explanation: The Term Ecosystem was first Proposedd by A.G Tansley

Explanation: The National Institute of Disaster Management is in New Delhi.

Explanation: Among G7,only Germany and France can be found among the top ten performers.

Explanation: The word cyclone is derived from Greek Lnaguage.

Explanation: All countries agreed to work to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C, and given the grave risks, to strive for 1.5°C.

Explanation: Flash floods: Such floods that occur within six hours during heavy rainfall.

Explanation: Causes of floods Torrential Rainfall. Encroachment of rivers bank. Excessive rainfall in catchment. Inefficient engineering design in the construction of embankments, dams and canals.

Explanation: Indian government set up a Tsunami Early Warning System at Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad in 2007.

Explanation: In India, over 10,000 people were killed by this disaster. Tamil Nadu alone accounted for 1,705 deaths.

Explanation: Landslide The movement of a mass of rocks, debris, soil etc., downslope is called a landslide. Avalanche A large amount of ice, snow and rock falling quickly down the side of a mountain is called an Avalanche.

Explanation: Demography is the statistical study of human population. It includes the study of size, structure and distribution of population as well as changes in time and location in response to birth, migration, aging and death.

Explanation: The major natural disaster that affects the coastal regions of India is cyclone and as India has a coastline of about 7516 km; it is exposed to nearly 10 percent of the world’s tropical cyclones.

Explanation: 1992: Earth Summit :* Rio Declaraon * Agenda 21 * CSD * CBD * UNFCCC.

Explanation: The Agreement entered into force shortly thereafter, on 4 November 2016. In the agreement, all countries agreed to work to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C, and given the grave risks, to strive for 1.5°C.

Explanation: Earth's temperature has gone up about one degree Fahrenheit in the last 100 years.

Explanation: Harvesting is not one of 8 steps of EIA Process.

Explanation: In 2016, the Ukraine part of this zone was declared as a radiological and environmental biosphere reserve by the government.

Explanation: Chernobyl (then Soviet Union) nuclear accident was happened on 26th April, 1986. The radiation emitted was more than 400 times than that released by the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima (Japan) in 1945. This accident remains the largest nuclear accident in history.

Explanation: drought occurs due to the failure of monsoons.

Explanation: Atmospheric hazard – Tropical storms, Thunderstorms, Lightning, Tornadoes, Avalanches, Heat waves, Fog and Forest fire.

Explanation: West Bengal Comes under Zone 4 sesmic area.

Explanation: Primary Pollutants Oxides of Sulphur Oxides of Nitrogen Oxides of Carbon Particulate Matter Other Primary Pollutants

Explanation: In Tamil Nadu, Kodaikanal (Dindigul district) and Ooty (The Nilgiris district) are frequently affected by landslides.

Explanation: In India the Sesmic Zones are Classified into 4 Zone areas.

Explanation: About 15% of India’s landmass is prone to landslide hazard. Landslides are very common along the steep slopes of the Himalayas, the Western Ghats and along the river valleys.