Nationalism: Gandhian Phase Online Test 10th Social Science Lesson 14 Questions in English

Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa after fighting for the civil rights of the Indians there for about twenty years. He brought with him a new impulse to Indian politics. He introduced Satyagraha which he had perfected in South Africa that could be practiced by men and women, young and old.

Gandhi introduced Satyagraha in India which he had perfected in South Africa. As a person dedicated to the cause of the poorest of the poor he instantly gained the goodwill of the masses.

Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa after fighting for the civil rights of the Indians there for about twenty years.

As a person Gandhi dedicated to the cause of the poorest of the poor he instantly gained the goodwill of the masses. Gandhi in contrast adopted nonviolent non-violent methods to mobilize the masses and mount pressure on the British.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 into a well to do family in Porbandar, Gujarat.

Gandhi father Kaba Gandhi was the Diwan of Porbandar and later became the Diwan of Rajkot.

Gandhi mother Putlibai a devout Vaishanavite influenced the young Gandhi.

After passing the matriculation examination Gandhi sailed to England in 1888 to study law. After becoming a barrister in June 1891 Gandhi returned to India.

After becoming a barrister in June 1891 Gandhi returned to India as a firm believer in British sense of justice and fair play. His experiences in London had not prepared him for the racial discrimination he would encounter in South Africa.

A Gujarati firm in South Africa sought the services of Gandhi for assistance in a law-suit. Gandhi accepted the offer and left for South Africa in April 1893.Gandhi faced racial discrimination for the first time in South Africa on his journey from Durban to Pretoria at the Pietermaritzburg railway station.

Gandhi called a meeting of the Indians in the Transvaal and exhorted them to form an association to seek redress of their grievances. He continued to hold such meetings petitioned to the authorities about the injustices which were in violation of their own laws.

Gandhi was introduced to the works of Tolstoy and John Ruskin. He was deeply influenced by Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of God is Within You, Ruskin’s Unto this Last and Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience.

Gandhi’s ideas were formed due to a blend of Indian and Western thought. Despite being deeply influenced by Western thinkers he was highly critical of Western civilization and industrialization.

Gandhi accepted the firm offer and left for South Africa in April 1893. After passing the matriculation examination Gandhi sailed to England in 1888 to study law. Inspired by Ruskin Gandhi established the Phoenix Settlement (1905) and the Tolstoy Farm (1910).

Gandhi experiment Satyagraha for fighting the issues of immigration and racial discrimination in South Africa.

By the Smuts-Gandhi Agreement the poll tax on indentured laborers was abolished. Gandhi’s stay in South Africa was a learning experience for him.

The First World War made Gandhi to return India from South Africa.

Indians in the Transvaal had to pay a poll tax of £ 3, could not own land except in areas marked for them and could not move outdoors after 9 p.m. without a permit. Gandhi launched a struggle against such unjust laws.

Inspired by Ruskin Gandhi established the Phoenix Settlement (1905) and the Tolstoy Farm (1910). Equality, community living and dignity of labor were inculcated in these settlements. They were training grounds for the satyagrahis.

Gandhi regarded Gopal Krishna Gokhale whom he had met on previous visits to India as his political guru.

Gandhi travelled the length and breadth of the country before plunging into politics. This enabled him to understand the conditions of the people.

In one of these journeys through Tamil Nadu that Gandhi decided to discard his following robes and wear a simple dhoti.

Gandhi before returning to India visited England where he enlisted for the War to offer ambulance services. Considering himself a responsible citizen of the Empire he believed it was his duty to support England in its difficult times and even campaigned for the recruitment of Indians in the army.

The Champaran in Bihar, Tinkathia system was practiced against the Indigo peasants.

In Champaran in Bihar the Tinkathia system was practiced. Under this exploitative system the peasants were forced by the European planters to cultivate indigo on three-twentieths of their land holdings.

Raj Kumar Shukla, an agriculturist from Champaran who suffered hardships of the system prevailed on Gandhi to visit Champaran. According to Gandhi, “The country thus had its first objection in Civil Disobedience”. The Lieutenant Governor eventually formed a committee with Gandhi as a member which recommended the abolition of the Tinkathia system.

Gandhi was assisted by Brajkishore Prasad, a lawyer by profession and Rajendra Prasad who became the first President of independent India during the Champaran movement in Bihar.

The Tinkathia system in Champaran, Bihar was a oppression to the peasants by the Indigo Planters.

The success of Champaran Satyagraha followed by his fruitful intervention in Ahmedabad mill strike (1918) and the Kheda Satyagraha (1918) helped Gandhi establish himself as a leader of mass struggle.

The Rowlatt Act was enacted which provided for excessive police powers arrest without warrant and detention without trial. Gandhi called it a ‘Black Act’.

In the aftermath of the First World War people expected liberal political reforms from the British. The Government of India Act 1919 caused disappointment as it did not transfer real power to the Indians. Besides, the government began to enforce the permanent extension of war time restrictions.

Gandhi called Rowlatt Act as a ‘Black Act’ and in protest called for a nation-wide Satyagraha on 6 April 1919.

The anti-Rowlatt protest was intense in Punjab especially in Amritsar and Lahore.

Gandhi called for a non-violent struggle with fasting and prayer and it was the earliest anticolonial struggle spread across the country. Gandhi was arrested and prevented from visiting Punjab. The anti-Rowlatt protest was intense in Punjab especially in Amritsar and Lahore.

On 9 April two prominent local leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr.Satyapal were arrested in Amritsar leading to protests in which a few Europeans were killed. Martial law was declared.

On 13 April 1919 a massacre happened in a public meeting at Jallianwala Baugh in Amritsar.

On 13 April 1919 a public meeting was arranged at Jallianwala Baugh in Amritsar as it happened to be Baisaki day. General Reginald Dyer, on hearing of the assemblage surrounded the place with his troops and an armored vehicle. The only entrance to the park that was surrounded on all sides by high walls was blocked and firing took place without any warning. The brutality enraged Indians. Rabindranath Tagore returned his knighthood and Gandhi surrendered his Kaiser-i-Hind medal.

The First World War came to an end in 1918.

The Caliph of Turkey who was considered the head of Muslims of the world was given a harsh treatment in the First World War. A movement was started his support called the Khilafat Movement.

The Khilafat Movement was led by the Ali brothers, Maulana Mohamed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali. It aimed to restore the prestige and power of the Caliphate.

Gandhi presided over the All India Khilafat Conference held at Delhi in November 1919.

Gandhi supported the Khilafat movement and saw in it an opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims.

Gandhi supported Shaukat Ali’s proposal of three national slogans Allaho Akbar, Bande Mataram and Hindu-Mussalamanki Jai.

The Khilafat Committee meeting in Allahabad on 9 June 1920 adopted Gandhi’s non-violent noncooperation program.

The Indian National Congress approved the non-cooperation movement in a special session held in Calcutta on September 1920.

The Non-cooperation movement was subsequently passed in the Nagpur Session held on December 1920 Chaired by Salem C.Vijayaragavachariyar.

The program of non-cooperation included: Surrender of all titles of honors and honorary offices. Non-participation in government functions. Suspension of practice by lawyers, and settlement of court disputes by private arbitration. Boycott of government schools by children and parents. Boycott of the legislature created under the 1919 Act. Non-participation in government parties and other official functions. Refusal to accept any civil or military post. Boycott of foreign goods and spreading the doctrine of Swadeshi.

The Government of India Act 1919 divided the powers of the provincial government into Reserved and Transferred subjects. The Reserved Subjects comprising finance, defense, the police, justice, land revenue, and irrigation were in the hands of the British.

Gandhi announced a no-tax campaign in Bardouli in February 1922. These movements greatly enhanced Gandhi’s reputation as a national leader especially the peasants.

The boycott of the Prince of Wales’ visit to India was successful. During this boycott trade unions and workers participated actively. However Gandhi suddenly withdrew the movement because of the Chauri Chaura incident.

On 5 February 1922 a procession of the nationalists in Chauri Chaura a village near Gorakhpur in present-day Uttar Pradesh provoked by the police turned violent.

Gandhi was arrested and was released only in 1924 for participating in the Chauri Chaura incident.

Congress was divided into two groups as pro-changers and no changers. Some of the Congressmen led by Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das wanted to contest the elections and enter the legislature. They argued that the national interest could be promoted by working in the Legislative.

Despite the opposition C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party on 1 January 1923.

Staunch followers of Gandhi like Vallabhai Patel, C. Rajaji and others known as no-changers wanted to continue non-cooperation with the government.

Despite the opposition C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party on 1 January 1923 which was later approved by a special session of the Congress. Swaraj Party members were elected in large numbers to the Imperial Legislative Assembly and the various Provincial Legislative Councils. They effectively used the legislature as a platform for propagation of nationalist ideas. In Bengal, they refused to take charge of transferred subjects as they did not want to cooperate with the government.

The Swaraj Party began to decline after the death of its leader C.R. Das in 1925. Some of the Swaraj Party members began to accept government offices. Swaraj Party withdrew from the legislatures in 1926.

Dyarchy, a system of dual government introduced under the Government of India Act 1919, divided the powers of the provincial government into Reserved and Transferred subjects.

The Transferred Subjects that included local self-government, education, public health, public works, agriculture, forests and fisheries were left under the control of Indian ministers.

The Dyarchy system ended with the introduction of provincial autonomy in 1935.

On 5 February 1922 a procession of the nationalists in Chauri Chaura, a village near Gorakhpur in present-day Uttar Pradesh provoked by the police turned violent.

After the Chauri Chaura incident Gandhi felt that the volunteers and the people had to be trained for a non-violent struggle. As a part of this effort he focused on promoting Khadi, Hindu-Muslim unity and the abolition of untouchability.

The 1920s saw a series of communal riots between the Hindus and the Muslims. Hindu Mahasabha was gaining in popularity under Madhan Mohan Malviya.

Some Serious efforts by Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah who at that time believed Swaraj was possible only with Hindu-Muslim unity failed to stem the communal riots.

On 8 November 1927, the British Government announced the appointment of the Indian Statutory Commission. Composed of seven members headed by Sir John Simon it came to be widely known as the Simon Commission.

On 8 November 1927, the British Government announced the appointment of the Indian Statutory Commission. Composed of seven members headed by Sir John Simon it came to be widely known as the Simon Commission. It was an all-white commission with no Indian member. Indians were angered that they had been denied the right to decide their own constitution. All sections of India including the Congress and the Muslim League decided to boycott the commission.

Wherever the Simon Commission went there were protests and black flag marches with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon’. The protesters were brutally assaulted by the police. In one such assault in Lahore, Lal Lajpat Rai was seriously injured and died a few days later.

The Simon boycott united the different political parties in India.

An all party conference was held in 1928 with the objective to frame a constitution for India as an alternative to the Simon Commission proposals.

A committee under the leadership of Motilal Nehru was formed to outline the principles on the basis of which the constitution was to be drafted. The committee’s report known as the Nehru Report.

The Nehru Report recommended, Dominion status for India. Elections of the Central Legislature and the Provincial Legislatures on the basis of joint and mixed electorates. Reservation of seats for Muslims in the Central Legislature and in provinces. Provision of fundamental rights, and universal adult franchise.

Jinnah proposed an amendment to the reservation of seats in the Central Legislature. He demanded that one-third of the seats be reserved for Muslims. However it was defeated in the All Party Conference. Later he proposed a resolution which came to be known as Jinnah’s Fourteen Points. However it was also rejected.

Jinnah proposed an amendment to the reservation of seats in the Central Legislature. He demanded that one-third of the seats be reserved for Muslims. Tej Bahadur Sapru supported him and pleaded that it would make no big difference.

In the Congress session held in Lahore in December 1929 with Jawaharlal Nehru as the President Poorna Swaraj was declared as the goal. It was also decided to boycott the Round Table Conference and launch a Civil Disobedience Movement.

In the Congress session held in Lahore in December 1929 with Jawaharlal Nehru as the President, Poorna Swaraj was declared as the goal. It was also decided to boycott the Round Table Conference and launch a Civil Disobedience Movement. 26 January 1930 was declared as Independence Day.

In the Congress session held in Lahore in December 1929 with Jawaharlal Nehru as the President, Poorna Swaraj was declared as the goal. It was also decided to boycott the Round Table Conference and launch a Civil Disobedience Movement. 26 January 1930 was declared as Independence Day.

The Indian National Congress authorized Gandhi to launch the Civil Disobedience movement.

During the Salt Satyagraha Movement a charter of demands presented to the Viceroy Lord Irwin.

A charter of demands presented to the Viceroy Lord Irwin with an ultimatum to comply by 31 January 1930 included: Reduction of expenditure on army and civil services by 50% Introduction of total prohibition Release of all political prisoners Reduction of land revenue by 50% Abolition of salt tax.

When the Viceroy Irwin did not respond to the charter of demands, Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement. The inclusion of abolition of salt tax was a brilliant tactical decision.

At the break of dawn on 12 March 1930 Gandhi set out from Sabarmati Ashram with 78 of its in mates. The procession became larger and larger when hundreds joined them along the march. At the age of 61 Gandhi covered a distance of 241 miles in 24 days to reach Dandi at sunset on 5 April 1930.

In Tamil Nadu, C. Rajaji led a similar salt march from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam. Salt marches took place in Kerala, Andhra and Bengal.

In the North West Frontier Province Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan led the Salt march movement. He organized the Khudai Khidmatgar, also known as the Red Shirts.

The British Government crushed the slat movement with brutal force, causing in many casualties. The soldiers of the Garhwali regiment refused to fire on unarmed satyagrahis.

The Indian Forest Act of 1878 claimed that original ownership of forests was with the state. Waste lands and fallow lands were included as forest.

The most striking evidence of continuing struggles of the tribal groups was the one waged by Alluri Sitarama Raju in Rampa. Raju made Adivasi areas in the Eastern Ghats.

In the midst of all the movements in India, the First Round Table Conference was held at London in November 1930.

Ramsay Macdonald the British Prime Minister, proposed a federal government with provincial autonomy the First Round Table Conference.

Ramsay Macdonald the British Prime Minister, proposed a federal government with provincial autonomy the First Round Table Conference.

Lord Irwin held talks with Gandhi which resulted in the Gandhi–Irwin Pact on 5 March 1931.

The British agreed to the demand of immediate release of all political prisoners not involved in violence, return of confiscated land and lenient treatment of government employees who had resigned. It also permitted the people of coastal villages to make salt for consumption and non-violent picketing. The Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and attend the conference.

Gandhi attended the Second Round Table Conference which began on 7 September 1931. Gandhi refused to accept separate electorates for minorities. As a result, the second conference ended without any result.

The Third Round Table Conference was held from 17 November to 24 December 1932. The Congress did not participate in the conference as it had revived the Civil Disobedience Movement.

On 16 August 1932, Ramsay MacDonald announced the Communal Award. It provided separate electorates to the minorities, Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and women and the “depressed classes”. Gandhi strongly opposed the inclusion of depressed classes in the list of minorities. B.R. Ambedkar, the leader of the depressed classes, strongly argued for the separate electorate, as it, according to him, would give them political representation and power.

On 20 September 1932, Gandhi went on a fast unto death against the separate electorates for the depressed classes.

The Poona Pact main terms were: The principle of separate electorates was abandoned. The principle of joint electorate was accepted with reservation of seats for the depressed classes. Reserved seats for the depressed classes were increased from 71 to 148. In the Central Legislature 18 percent of the seats were reserved.

Gandhi devoted few years towards abolition of untouchability. He undertook an all-India tour called the Harijan Tour. He started the Harijan Sevak Sangh to work for the removal of discriminations. He worked to promote education, cleanliness and hygiene and giving up of liquor among the depressed class. An important part of the campaign was the Temple Entry Movement.8 January 1933 was observed as ‘Temple Entry Day’.

Inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1917 the Communist Party of India (CPI) was founded at Tashkent, Uzbekistan in October 1920.

Inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1917 the Communist Party of India (CPI) was founded at Tashkent, Uzbekistan in October 1920.

M.N. Roy, Abani Mukherjee, and M.P.T. Acharya were some of the founding members of the Communist Party of India.

In an attempt to form a party an All India Communist Conference was held at Kanpur in 1925. Singaravelar gave the Presidential Address. It led to the founding of the Communist Party of India in Indian soil.

In an attempt to form a party an All India Communist Conference was held at Kanpur in 1925. It led to the founding of the Communist Party of India in Indian soil. Their efforts eventually led to the establishment of the All India Workers’ and Peasants’ Party in 1928.

In 1924 Hindustan Republican Army (HRA) was formed in Kanpur to overthrow the colonial rule by an armed rebellion. M.N. Roy, S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, M. Singaravelar among others were arrested and tried in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case of 1924. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and their comrades reorganized the HRA in Punjab. Influenced by socialist ideas they renamed it as Hindustan Socialist Republican Association in 1928. The progress of the Communist Party of India was halted with the Meerut Conspiracy Case in 1929.

In 1925 Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan and others held up a train carrying government money and looted in Kakori, a village near Lucknow. They were arrested and tried in the Kakori Conspiracy Case. Four of them were sentenced to death while the others were sentenced to imprisonment.

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and their comrades reorganized the HRA in Punjab. Influenced by socialist ideas they renamed it as Hindustan Socialist Republican Association in 1928.

Sanders, a British police officer, responsible for the lathi charge that led to Lala Lajpat Rai’s death was assassinated. Bhagat Singh along with B.K. Dutt threw a smoke bomb inside the Central Legislative Assembly in 1929. It was not intended to hurt anyone. He along with Rajguru was arrested and sentenced to death.

In April 1930, the Chittagong Armory Raid was carried out by Surya Sen and his associates. They captured the armories in Chittagong and proclaimed a provisional revolutionary government.

In 1934 the Congress Socialist Party was formed by Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev and Minoo Masani. They believed that nationalism was the path to socialism and that they would work within the Congress. They worked to make Congress pro-peasant and pro-worker.

The Government of India Act 1935 was one of the important positive outcomes of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The Government of India Act 1935 was one of the important positive outcomes of the Civil Disobedience Movement. The key features of the Act were provincial autonomy and Dyarchy at the center. The Act also provided autonomy to the provinces.

The Government of India Act 1935 was one of the important positive outcomes of the Civil Disobedience Movement by this Act Burma was separated from India.

The Government of India Act 1935 was one of the important positive outcomes of the Civil Disobedience Movement. The key features of the Act were provincial autonomy and Dyarchy at the center. The Act also provided autonomy to the provinces. All the subjects were transferred to the control of Indian ministers. Dyarchy that was in operation in provinces was now extended to the central government. The franchise, based on property was extended though only about ten percent of the population enjoyed the right to vote.

The Government of India Act 1935 was implemented with the announcement of elections in 1937. The Congress immensely benefitted because of the Civil Disobedience Movement. The Congress called off its program of boycott of legislature and contested elections. It emerged victorious in seven out of the eleven provinces.

In 1939 the Second World War broke out. The colonial government of India entered the War on behalf of the Allies without consulting the Congress ministries. The Congress ministries resigned in protest.

In 1939 Subhash Chandra Bose became the President of the Congress by defeating Pattabhi Sitaramaya, the candidate of Gandhi. When Gandhi refused to cooperate, Subhash Chandra Bose resigned his post and started the Forward Bloc.

In 1942 the British Government lifted the ban on the Communist Party of India for supporting in Second World War.

The Communists initially opposed the Second World War, calling it an imperialist war. However, with the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union, they called it the ‘People’s War’ and offered cooperation to the British. As a result, in 1942, the ban on the Communist Party of India was lifted.

In 1933, Rahmat Ali a student of Cambridge University conceived the idea of Pakistan, comprising the provinces of Punjab, Kashmir, North West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan.

Gandhi declared limited Satyagraha which would be offered by a few individuals. The objective was to convey to the world that though India was opposed to Nazism it did not enter the War voluntarily. Vinobha Bhave was the first to offer Satyagraha on 17 October 1940.

On 22 March 1942, the British government sent a mission under Cabinet Minister Sir Strafford Cripps as the Japanese knocked on the doors of India. The negotiations between the Cripps Mission and the Congress failed as Britain was not willing to transfer effective power immediately.

The All India Congress Committee that met at Bombay on 8 August 1942 passed the famous Quit India Resolution demanding an immediate end to British rule in India.

Subhash Chandra Bose formed the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore.

In February 1943, Subhash Chandra Bose made his way to Japan on a submarine and took control of the Indian National Army. Bose reorganized it into three brigades: Gandhi Brigade, Nehru Brigade and a women’s brigade named after Rani of Jhansi.

Bhagat Singh along with B.K. Dutt threw a smoke bomb inside the Central Legislative Assembly in 1929. It was not intended to hurt anyone. They threw pamphlets and shouted ‘Inquilab Zindabad’ and ‘Long Live the Proletariat. The All India Congress Committee that met at Bombay on 8 August 1942 passed the famous Quit India Resolution demanding an immediate end to British rule in India. Gandhi gave a call to do or die Subhash Chandra Bose formed the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore. He gave the slogan ‘Dilli Chalo. Jinnah declared 16 August 1946 as the ‘Direct Action Day’.

The Congress set up a defense committee comprising Nehru, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Bhulabhai Desai and Asaf Ali.

The Royal Indian Navy ratings revolted at Bombay in February 1946. It soon spread to other stations involving more than 20,000 ratings. Similar strikes occurred in the Indian Air Force and the Indian Signal Corps at Jabalpur.

The British hegemonic control ceased even in the armed forces. Despite the victory in the War, it left the British completely weakened. British surrender in South-East Asia to the Japanese was a big blow to imperial prestige. All the political leaders were released and the ban on Congress was lifted.

The Wavell Plan was announced on 14 June 1945 provided for an interim government in India.

The Wavell Plan was announced on 14 June 1945. It provided for an interim government, with an equal number of Hindus and Muslims in the Viceroy’s Executive Council. All portfolios, except war portfolio was to be held by Indian ministers.

In the Shimla Conference, the Congress and the Muslim League could not come to an agreement. Jinnah demanded that all the Muslim members should be from the Muslim League and they should have a veto on all important matters.

In the provincial elections held in early 1946 the Congress won most of the general seats and the Muslim League won most of the seats reserved for the Muslims thus bolstering its claim.

In Britain, the Labor Party had won a landslide victory and Clement Atlee became the Prime Minister. He declared that he wanted to transfer power at the earliest. He sent a Cabinet Mission to India.

The Cabinet Mission plan included the features like, rejecting the demand for Pakistan, it provided for a Federal government with control over defense, communications and foreign affairs. The provinces were divided into three groups, Non-Muslim Majority Provinces, Muslim Majority Provinces in the Northwest and the Muslim Majority Provinces in the Northeast. A Constituent Assembly was to be elected and an interim government set up with representation for all the communities.

In Britain, the Labor Party had won a landslide victory and Clement Atlee became the Prime Minister. He declared that he wanted to transfer power at the earliest. He sent a Cabinet Mission comprising Pethick Lawrence, Sir Strafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander.

The Congress and the Muslim League accepted the Cabinet mission plan. However, both interpreted it differently. The Congress wanted the division of the provinces to be temporary while the Muslim League wanted it to be a permanent arrangement.

Difference arose between Congress and Muslim League when the former nominated a Muslim member. The League argued it was to be the sole representative of the Muslims and withdrew its approval. Jinnah declared 16 August 1946 as the ‘Direct Action Day’.

Jinnah declared 16 August 1946 as the ‘Direct Action Day’. Hartals and demonstrations took place which soon turned into Hindu-Muslim conflict. It spread to other districts of Bengal. The district of Noakhali was the worst affected. Gandhi left for the worst affected regions and toured them on barefoot bringing the communal violence under control and spreading the message of peace and nonviolence.

The interim government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru was formed in September 1946.

The Interim Government was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1946.After some hesitation the Muslim League joined it in October 1946. Its representative Liaqat Ali Khan was made the Finance Member.

Lord Mountbatten was sent as Viceroy to India with the specific task of transfer of power.

On 3 June 1947 the Mountbatten Plan was announced. It proposed that the Power would be transferred on the basis of dominion status to India and Pakistan and the Princely states would have to join either India or Pakistan.

Boundary commission was to be set up under Radcliffe Brown as per the Mountbatten plan and the award would be announced after the transfer of power.

As per the Mountbatten plan, Punjab and Bengal Legislative Assemblies would vote on whether they should be partitioned.

In February 1947, Clement Atlee declared that power would be transferred by June 1948.

The Mountbatten Plan was given effect by the enactment of the Indian Independence Act on 18 July 1947 by the British Parliament.

The Indian Independence Act, 1947 abolished the sovereignty of the British Parliament over India. India was partitioned into two dominions, India and Pakistan. On 15 August 1947 India won independence.