Migration and Urbanisation Online Test 8th Social Science Lesson 13 Questions in English

United Nations Organization Definition: Migration is a form of geographical mobility of population between a geographical unit to another, generally involving a permanent change of residence.

During the early days, people moved from one place to another in search of food. When most of the people ceased to live in forest and adopted civilized life, they developed relationship with domesticated animals and fertile land.

The favourable factors Which attract people towards a location are called pull factors. The unfavourable factors Which make the people to move out from a location are called push factors.

Mobility of mankind changed considerably. They almost left the nomadic life and started to live in permanent settlements.

Ecological or Natural Causes of Migration are natural ones. They include volcanic eruption, earthquake, flood, drought etc. These events force the people to leave their native places and settle in the new areas.

The availability of fertile agricultural land, employment opportunities, development of technology etc., are some of the economic causes that attract the migration.

Economy is one of the most important causes of human migration from one area to another. Various economic causes determine the level and direction of migration.

The mass poverty and unemployment force the people to move out from their native places to the places where the better employment opportunities are available.

Migration of women after marriage and migration associated with pilgrimage are based on the socio-cultural customs.

Generally over population is considered as a push factor and under population to be pull factor in the context Demographic causes of migration.

In demographic sense, the population composition like age and sex, over population and under population are the major causes of migration. It is well known fact that adults are more migratory than any other age-groups.

Various political causes like colonization, wars, government policies etc. have always been playing important role in human migration from time to time.

The movement of people within a country is known as internal migration.

Rural to Urban Migration is the movement of population from rural areas to growing towns and cities mainly in search of employment, education and recreation facilities. Urban to Urban Migration is the migration between one urban centre to the other like in search of higher salaries.

Rural to Rural Migration is driven by fertile land for cultivation and other sociological factors like Marriage etc.

Rural to urban migration is the most common one.

Migration that occurs across the national boundaries are known as international migration.

If the migration takes place on person’s free will, initiative and desire to live in a better place and to improve their financial status, the migration is said to be voluntary.

Short term migration: In this kind of migration, the migrants stay outside only for a short duration before returning to the place of origin. The duration may be from a few days to few months. (ii) Long term migration in Which the migrants stay outside at least for a few years.

Involuntary or forced migration takes place against the will of migrants, the migration is termed as involuntary migration. The push factors like war may force the people to emigrate from a place is of this type.

People migrating to hill stations during summer and the migration of agricultural workers during sowing seasons belong to seasonal migration.

Seasonal migration is type of migration usually a group of people migrates from their native places during a particular season and returns after end of that season. Transhumance is another example of seasonal migration.

Migration of females after their marriage leads to decline in sex ratio in the source regions and increase the sex ratio in the regions of destinations. The migration of male workers in search of jobs decreases the independent population of the source regions Which increases the dependency ratio.

The migration of people from different regions towards an urban area leads to the formation of plural society.

The migration of more people from over populated to under populated regions results the imbalance of the resource-population ratio. In some cases, the regions of over and under population may become the regions of optimum population.

Brain drain is a consequence of migration. Brain drain refers to the migration in Which skilled people from economically backward countries move to developed countries in search of better opportunities.

The over population in urban areas leads to the pollution of air, water and soil.

Scarcity of drinking water, lack of space for housing, traffic congestions and poor drainage are the common environmental problems prevail in urban areas.

Large scale movement of people from rural to urban areas causes overcrowding in cities and puts heavy pressure on resources. It leads to rapid growth of cities.

Urbanisation refers to the process in Which there is an increase in the proportion of population living in towns and cities.

Urbanisation is driven by three factors: natural population growth, rural to urban migration and the reclassification of rural areas into urban areas.

The excess production of food grains was the major reason for urbanisation.

The urban centres started developing during the pre-historic period (before 10000 years).

During pre-historic period primitive man started domestication of plants and animals. It was the period of development of permanent settlements.

Ur and Babylon in Mesopotamia, Thebes and Alexandria in Egypt, Athens in Greece, Harappa and Mohenjodaro in India were noted prehistoric cities of the world.

The river valley regions of the Egypt, Greece and India gave rise to agrarian communities Which eventually formed the urban communities and urban centres.

In ancient period the increase in the number and size of urban centres occurred during the two great colonizing periods of the Greeks and Romans.

During the Greek colonizing period, the expansion of trade promoted the growth of towns and cities.

Medieval Period: It refers to the period after the 11th century.

During the beginning of the 7th century itself many cities were found near the Aegean Sea.

At the end of the thirteenth century, Paris, London, Geneva, Milan and Venice were the important cities found in Europe.

The industrial revolution in the19th century accelerated the growth of towns and cities.

Modern Period: This period starts from 17th century. It marks the third phase of development in urbanization.

The Europeans with urban civilization gave birth to a large number of new towns in North America and Soviet Union. The modern means of transport and communication, the development of new trade routes during 19th century had strengthened the trade centres and urban areas.

The latest development in urbanisation was noticed in the continent of Africa.

Major cities in Africa are Cairo, Nairobi, Mombasa, Bulawayo, Duala, Abidian, Logos, Accra, Addis Abba, Leopoldville, Luanda, Cape Town, Natal, Pretoria etc.

Before 1930, Africa had towns only on its coasts but now it has 50 towns with population exceeding 1,00,000.

1. North America-82% 2. Latin America and Caribbean-81% 3. Europe -74% 4. Oceania-68% 5. Asia -50% 6. Africa-43%

World top 5 population city 1. Tokyo (Japan) - 37 million 2. Delhi (India) - 29 million 3. Shanghai (China) - 26 million 4. Mexico City (Mexico) - 22 million 5. Sao Paulo (Brazil) - 22 million

There is a lack of space for housing and a marked reduction in the quality of housing in the urban areas due to increase in population.

Rapid rate of urbanisation results the development of slums.

Over-crowding leads to unhealthy environment in the urban areas. It also the cause of many diseases and riots.

No city has round the clock water supply in the world. Drainage situation is equally bad. The removal of garbage is a Himalayan task for urban local bodies.

Absence of planned and adequate arrangements for traffic and transport is another problem in urban centres. The increasing number of two wheelers and cars make the traffic problem worse.

India, China and Nigeria together are expected to account for 35 % of the growth in the world’s urban population between 2018 and 2050.

In 2007, for the first time in history, the global urban population exceeded the global rural population and the world population has remained predominantly urban thereafter

Towns and cities are the major polluters of environment. Several cities discharge their entire sewage and industrial effluents untreated into the nearby rivers.

Transhumance is also called Seasonal Migration, where pastoral farmers move with their herds seasonally or periodically between plains and mountains.

Female migrants outnumber male migrants in Europe, Northern America, Oceania and Latin America and the Caribbean, while in Africa and Asia, particularly Western Asia, migrants are predominantly men.

The number of international migrants worldwide has continued to grow rapidly in recent years, reaching 258 million in 2017, up from 220 million in 2010 and 173 million in 2000.

A migration in Which a person or group of people move into a new country is called immigration.

An international migrant departing to another country by crossing the international boundary is called emigrant.