Development Administration in Tamil Nadu Part 4 in English

The Act of 1857 created the Madras University. By 1859, it became a full-fledged university. In the second half of the 19th century more colleges grew in Madras, Coimbatore, Salem, Trichy, Madurai and Palayamkottai.

As per Sir John Sergeant plan of 1944, education was made free and compulsory for students between the age group of 6 and 14. Thus slowly and gradually education in Tamil Nadu began to progress in a considerable manner.

The Madras Medical school (1835) Madras Presidency School (1836) Madras Christian School (1840) and Pachiyappas School (1841) served the needs of the urban aristocrats. Except urban schools, other schools were neglected.

By the middle of the 19th century education had a steady growth. The higher education took a definite shape. The Medical School functioning at Madras from 1835 grew into a Medical College in 1851. The survey school grew into an Engineering College at Madras in 1857. The Presidency school grew into the Presidency College.

In 1890 the Governor of Madras Lord Connemara established the Connemara Library.

In 1891 the Law College was established in Madras. The Annamalai University was established in 1929 by Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar. Including Marine Biology all other faculties were opened.

The Education in India is present in the concurrent list. In concurrent list both state and Union government can take decision.

The Legislative section is divided into Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. Five subjects that included education were moved into Concurrent List from State List in 1976 when the 42nd Amendment Act was passed.

The literacy rates in rural and urban areas among the districts were the highest in Kanniyakumari district and the lowest in Erode district.

Tamil Nadu has already achieved cent percent access at the Primary level in the year 2002-2003 and cent percent access at the Upper Primary level in 2004-2005

Among the districts, the literacy rate was the highest in Kanniyakumari (91.7%) and the lowest in Dharmapuri (68.5%)

A team from Government College of Technology, Coimbatore received the Inspiration and Innovation award under the Smart India Hackathon Programme 2018.

This vision translates into the following objectives 1) To provide and improve the quality of Higher Education in Arts and Science and in Technical Education 2) To achieve Higher Education Gross Enrolment Ratio of 25 percent by 2025. 3) To provide infrastructure facilities for the development of Colleges 4) To impart education by World Class pedagogy. 5) To implement E-Governance in the Administration. 6) To facilitate institution-industry linkage for inculcating entrepreneurial culture and encouraging Research and Development. 7) To promote inclusive Socio-Economic Development of the State by offering Higher Education to the students who belong to weaker sections of society. 8) To popularise Science and Technology among people 9) To produce degree holders of international quality for a global job market

Science City was established in the year 1998 by the Government to create awareness among students as to significance of Science. Subsequently, the Science City was registered under the Tamil Nadu Societies Registration Act, 1975 in July, 2008. The main objective of the Science City is to take the current Science and Technological developments to the students of Government and Government Aided Schools and Colleges, Teachers.

From the year 1985-1986 onwards, one set of free uniform was given to students in standards I to VIII who are enrolled in the noon meal scheme. In 2011-12, the Government had increased to two sets per year and from 2012-13 onwards four sets were given to the school students. During the year 2013-14, 53.54 lakh students were provided uniforms as against 47.07 lakh students in 2012-13. The total cost incurred under the scheme moved up from Rs.329.88 crore in 2012-13 to Rs.353.22 crore in 2013-14.

In 1951, the Supreme Court struck down communal reservations in higher education. Immediately Periyar launched a major agitation for the restoration of communal reservation. Consequently, the first constitutional amendment Act was passed in the Parliament in favour of reservations for socially and educationally backward classes.

The politics of Madras State in India witnessed the continuation of struggle between status quoists and reformists. C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) who led the first elected ministry in the Madras, under the Republican Constitution, again reduced the number of schools, attempted to impose Hindi in schools and Modified Scheme of Elementary Education which provided for part time learning of hereditary occupations popularly known as kulakalvi.

Kamaraj abolished the Modified Scheme of Elementary Education, increased manifold the number of schools, built a number of dams for improving irrigation, provided more industrial estates and ensured astonishing industrial growth in the state.

Kamaraj made education more accessible to poor and rural children. Kamaraj also introduced the noon-meal scheme for school children.

In the general elections of 1967, the congress party was defeated. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam formed the government. The other major achievement of the party was Waiver of Tuition fee for poor students of all castes in pre-University and pre-technical courses.

On an average, the total number of students enrolled under elementary education was 97 lakhs in a year. Its share to total students enrolled under elementary education at all India was on a steady decline 5.1 percent in 2010-11 to 4.8 percent in 2012-13.

Teachers act as facilitators of learning. The total teacher strength in elementary schools was 2.15 lakhs in 2012-13. The proportion of teachers in primary and upper primary schools was in the ratio of 64:36.

With a view to encourage the student to pursue their studies as well as to equip them to participate in the emerging market by bridging the digital divide, develop skills and improve human resources, the Government of Tamil Nadu have provided free laptop computers to all plus one, plus two and college students those studying in Government/Government aided institutions from 2011 onwards.

Under Puratchi Thalaivar MGR Nutritious Noon-Meal Programme, the State is providing nutritious noon-meal to all willing children up to standard X in schools so as to encourage them to attend school. Besides it also helps the children to satisfy the nutritional needs. The number of students benefited under the scheme had increased from 48.63 lakh in 2012-13 to 53.40 lakh in 2013-14.

In order to reduce the dropout at and to encourage the children to continue the secondary education, Special Cash Incentives to students has been given in the State from 2011-12. Under this scheme, Rs.1500 per student those studying in X and XI standard and Rs.2000 per student studying in XII standard in Government and Government aided schools are deposited in Tamil Nadu Power Finance Corporations. The amount is being released to the students on completion of the study. The number of students receiving Special Cash Incentive had gone up from 21.52 lakh in 2012-13 to 23.21 lakh in 2013-14. The total cost involved had also gone up from Rs.354 crore to Rs.381 crore.

With a view to overcome the distress of the students on account of the death of bread winning parent and to make them to pursue the studies further, the Government has deposited Rs.50,000 in the name of the student in the public sector undertaking. During the three years period ending 2013-14, totally 1080 students had been benefited under the scheme of providing Financial Assistance for students who have lost their bread winning parents.

Secondary education serves as a bridge between elementary and higher education and prepares pupil between the age group of 14-18 for entry into higher education.

Electricity is considered as one among the important basic indicators of the school infrastructure. However, 3.5 percent of the primary and upper primary schools and 2.7 percent of the high and higher secondary schools still did not have electricity in the State.

Among the major States, in respect of Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education, Tamil Nadu ranked first.

The total number of Universities functioning in the State was 59. Comprising the State Public Universities 31 and Private Deemed Universities 28.

Tamil Nadu ranks first among all States in India with 59 Universities followed by Uttar Pradesh (58) and Andhra Pradesh (47). It accounted for a share of 9.2 percent at all-India.

During the past five decades, the literacy rate in Tamil Nadu had more than doubled. The literacy rate for the State increased from 36.4 percent in 1961 to 80.1 percent during 2011. The rise in the literacy rate over the years could be attributed to better inputs in primary education.

The transition rate is the number of pupils (or students) admitted to the first grade of a higher level of education in a given year, expressed as a percentage of the number of pupils (or students) enrolled in the final grade of the lower level of education in the previous year.

Educational kits consist of school bags, geometry box, colour pencils, crayons and atlas are provided to students at free of cost to make the learning process in a meaningful, easy and child friendly way from the year 2012-13 onwards. In order to prevent this, pair of footwear at free of cost is distributed to all students studying I to X standard I Government /Government aided schools in the beginning of the year.

On August 13, 1990, the V.P. Singh Government at the Centre issued an office memorandum accepting the Mandal Commission recommendation and announcing 27% reservation for the socially and educationally backward classes in vacancies in civil posts and services under the Government of India.

During the past five decades, the literacy rate in Tamil Nadu had more than doubled. The literacy rate for the State increased from 36.4 percent in 1961 to 80.1 percent during 2011.

The gender literacy gap was higher at 19.5 percent in Ariyalur district and lower at 3.7 percent in Kanniyakumari district.

Easy accessibility of schools to the pupils at primary and upper primary level is viewed as a cornerstone of the sound educational policy. Existing norms stipulate that a primary school is to be established within a radius of 1 km from the habitations with a population of 300.

The National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL) was launched in 2003-04 for providing additional components for education of girls at elementary level under the SSA.

The State Government’s own initiatives complimented by Sarva Shiksha Abiyan (SSA) launched in November 2000 to impart quality elementary education to all children in the age group 6-14 by subsuming all existing programmes.

An upper primary school is to be established within a radius of 3 km from habitations with a population of 500 and more.

The number of primary schools per thousand child population (6-11 years) in the State was 9 as against 10 at the all-India level during 2012-13. At this level it was lagging behind Andhra Pradesh (12) and Karnataka (12). In the case of upper primary schools, it was 7 per thousand child population (11-14 years) in the State and lower than the Andhra Pradesh (8) and Karnataka (11).

Access to education through the open and distance education learning system is expanding rapidly. In Tamil Nadu, 13 universities have conducted distance education programme.

In 2013-14, 7.52 lakh students were enrolled under distance education programme. Of the total students enrolled under the programme, Annamalai University alone had claimed a higher share of 44.0 percent, the remaining being shared by the other universities. Of the total students enrolled the ratio of male and female was 47:53.

The proportion of literate in Tamil Nadu at 80.1 percent was significantly higher than all India (73%). Difference between the state and country literacy rate = 80.1 – 73 = 7.1

Libraries are a very important element in any educational institution as they serve as knowledge source for the students. However, 4.2 percent of high and higher secondary schools did not have library facilities.

Higher education (18-23 years) is critical for developing a modern economy. It equips young people with skills relevant for the labour market and can help to reap the benefits of demographic dividend.

There was an increasing demand for the quality health workers in the State. To meet the requirements, the government has been expanding the student intake and improving the infrastructure facilities in medical colleges. There are 47 Government medical institutions in the State – 17 medical colleges, 1 dental college, 23 schools of nursing, 2 physiotherapy colleges and 4 nursing colleges.

K. A. Seng ottaiyan (born 9 January 1948) is an Indian politician. Currently, he is the Minister for School Education in the Government of Tamil Nadu.

Department of Higher Education is the department under Ministry of Human Resource Development, that oversees higher education in India.

Among the major States Tamil Nadu ranks ‘fourth highest’ in terms of life expectancy at birth.

Some of the key initiatives of the Vision 2023 are: 15 new medical colleges attached to district hospitals will be established. 17 medical colleges attached to hospitals will be upgraded to international standard. Creation of two med. Cities in South and Western Tamil Nadu to serve the medical tourism industry by investment in hospital and education facilities, logistics and hospitality services. Ensuring 100 percent availability of drugs at all locations. The Vision document envisages an investment of Rs.11,000 Crores.

The healthcare system consists of a mix of public and private sectors. The provision of healthcare facilities is related to preventive, curative and promotive services. Networks of healthcare facilities at the primary, secondary and tertiary level are run mainly by the State Government.

The juvenile sex ratio (child sex ratio) indicates the number of female children in the 0-6 age group per thousand male children.

Between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, the ratio in Tamil Nadu did not undergo any significant change. It slightly improved from 942 to 943. However, it indicates there is a striking deficit of girls.

As per the 2011 Census, the juvenile sex ratio in as many as 12 districts viz., Thiruvannamalai (930), Villuppuram (941), Salem (916), Namakkal (914), Karur (939), Perambalur (913), Ariyalur (891), Cuddalore (896), Madurai (932), Theni (924), Dharmapuri (913) and Krishnagiri (926) was lower than the State average (943).

At the all India level, life expectancy rose from 63.1 to 66.1 years. Tamil Nadu with the life expectancy at birth at 68.9 years occupied the second place among the southern States next only to Kerala (74.2) and well ahead of all India (66.1) during the period 2006-10.

The Primary Healthcare System consists of Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Health Sub-Centres (HSCs).

Secondary healthcare system comprises of District Head Quarters Hospitals, Taluk Hospitals, Women and Children Hospitals, Dispensaries, Mobile Medical Units, Police Hospitals and Non-Taluk Hospitals etc.,

Tertiary healthcare system covers multi-specialty hospitals. In addition to Government efforts, the private sector is also contributing to the provision of Health Care Services.

Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Health Sub-centres (HSCs) are rendering the preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care services to the rural people. The rural health care infrastructure has been strengthened and fine-tuned under the National Rural Health Mission in order to realize the objective of Health for all.

One Health Sub-Centre (HSC) for a population of 5,000 in plains and 3,000 in hilly and tribal areas.

One Primary Health Centre (PHC) for 30,000 population in plains and 20,000 in hilly and tribal areas and one Community Health Centre (CHC) for a population of one lakh.

It is the policy of the Government to provide at least one 30 bedded upgraded Primary Health Centre in each block in a phased manner. Each upgraded Primary Health Centre has an operation theatre, modern diagnostic equipment and an ambulance vehicle. Five doctors are posted to the upgraded PHCs.

Immunization is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions and largely responsible for reduction of under 5 mortality rate.

The vaccination of children against six serious but preventable diseases has been the cornerstone of the child health care system. Health Immunization Programme is being implemented on a priority basis.

Tamil Nadu started immunization programmes against preventable diseases like Diphtheria, Pertusis, Tetanus, Measles, Poliomyelitis and Tuberculosis since 1985.

Family Welfare programme s implemented through 1751 PHCs and 8706 Health Sub Centres in rural areas, 110 Post- Partum Centres functioning in Government Hospitals, 193 Urban Health Posts and 108 Urban Family Welfare Centres in urban areas in 2013-14. 1930 approved private nursing homes also play an important role in Family Welfare Programmes.

Institute of Mental Health, Chennai is the second largest Institute in India offering mental health services to the affected population of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry. Besides, giving treatment to mentally ill patients, the hospital also provides rehabilitation to the cured persons.

The existing N.R. Thiagarajar Hospital at Theni is also being converted as a mental hospital to take care of mentally ill patients of the southern districts of Tamil Nadu.

A higher proportion of 33 percent of cases reported under cholera, 31.8 percent of Chikungunya Fever and 26.1 percent of Dengue at the all India was from Tamil Nadu. There were no cases of death reported under Malaria, Chikungunya, Cholera, Typhoid, Measles and Viral Hepatitis in the State. In all India, only under Chikungunya no death was reported.

In Tamil Nadu death as a percentage to cases reported was highest in Japanese Encephalitis (6.8%) and followed by Swine flu (5.3%). In the case of all India also the same trend had existed.

As per 2011 Census, in Tamil Nadu there were 16.42 lakh disabled persons. The State accounted for nearly 7.5 percent of the total disabled persons at all India.

Under Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy Maternity Benefit Scheme financial assistance to the tune of Rs.12,000 is being disbursed to poor pregnant women with the aim to meet expenses on nutritious diet, to compensate for loss of income during the delivery period and to avoid low birth weight of new born babies in three instalments to those availing antenatal care, delivering and immunizing the babies born in Government Institutions.

The Menstrual Hygiene Programme was launched in the State 2012-13 with inbuilt objective to increase awareness among the rural adolescent girls (10-19 years) on menstrual hygiene. The programme has also covered post natal mothers those delivered in Government institutions, female inpatients in the institute of mental health and women prisoners.

Under Menstrual Hygiene Programme, 18 packs of sanitary napkin are provided for each adolescent girl. As against the target of 32.79 lakh, it was distributed to 31.62 lakh in 2012-13.

The Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme was launched in the State in 2011-12 with the aim to provide Universal Healthcare to All by providing free medical surgical treatment in Government and private hospitals to any family whose annual income is less than Rs.72,000 by meeting all expenses relating to the hospitalization of the beneficiary. The scheme provides a coverage up to Rs.1,00,000 per family per year on floater basis for ailments and procedures.

In order to remove the barriers of affordability that prevents the poorer sections of the state from accessing ambulance services, Tamil Nadu Health Systems Projects (TNHSP) has launched ambulance services free of cost. The 108 Emergency Ambulance Service is a 24x7 service, which anyone can avail by dialling the number 108 on their phone during the case of any emergency. Help reaches the person within 20 minutes.

To ensure the public to drive the benefits of both Indian System of Medicine and modern medicine, the State has followed the co-location of ISM wings in Government hospitals and Primary Health Centres.

There are 1375 ISM institutions (Siddha 1047, Ayurveda 100, Unani 65 Homoeopathy 107 and Yoga and Naturopathy 56) with an in-patients capacity of 1210 beds. On an average 62 outpatients were treated per day and 18 in-patients were treated per month by a ISM institution. Of the total patients treated, in the State Siddha system accounted for a higher share of 84.3 percent.

Breastfeeding should commence as soon as possible after giving birth and every 1 to 3 hours per 24 hours (8-12 times per 24 hours). Babies should be breastfed exclusively for the first 6 months.

According to the National Family Health Survey III (2005-06) the proportion of children that had breastfed within one hour of child birth in Tamil Nadu was 58.8 percent as against 24.5 percent at all-India.

In respect of married women (15-49 years) 53.2 percent were anemic in Tamil Nadu. The State occupied the third place among southern States, the best two performing States were Kerala (32.8%) and Karnataka (51.5%).

In Tamil Nadu, ICDS is being implemented through 54,439 Child Centres (comprising 49,499 Anganwadi Centres and 4,940 Mini Anganwadi Centres) in 434 Child Development Blocks (385 rural, 47 urban and 2 tribal).

Purachi Thalaivar M.G.R. Nutrition Meal Programme: It is being implemented in the rural areas from 1 July 1982 and in urban areas for the school students from 1984, old age pensioners from 1983 and for pregnant women from 1995.

General ICDS Projects and World Bank Assisted Integrated Child Development Services started in 1991 in 318 blocks covering 24districts. In 1999 this extended to 318 rural blocks and 19,500 centres.

Pradhan Manthri Gramodaya Yojana Scheme (PMGYS) nutrition supplementation in the form of weaning food is given to children in the age group of 6 months to 36 months in the unreached hamlets.

Tamil Nadu Integrated Nutrition Programme was started in 1980 targeting at 6 to 36 months old children and pregnant and lactating women.

Mid-Day Meal Programme has been introduced for children between ages 2 and 14 attending balwadis or schools at the expense of Rs.0.90 per beneficiary. This programme covered 5.57 crore children in 4,426 blocks.

As far as educational loans disbursed by Public Sector Banks under priority sector are concerned, 20.8% of the total amount was disbursed in Tamil Nadu between 2013-14 and 2015-16. Andhra Pradesh was second with 11.2% of the total loan amount followed by Maharashtra (10.2%).

As of March 2015, the State had 34 district hospitals, 229 sub-divisional hospitals, 1,254 primary health centres, 7,555 Sub-centres and 313 community health centres.

The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched on 12th April 2005, to provide accessible, affordable and quality health care to the rural population, especially the vulnerable groups.

NRHM focuses on Reproductive, Maternal, New born, Child Health and Adolescent (RMNCH+A) Services. The emphasis here is on strategies for improving maternal and child health through a continuum of care and the life cycle approach.

In the current primary health scenario, the number of population per doctor had come down. As against the doctor: population ratio of 1:11619 in 2012-13, the ratio in 2013-14 stood favourable at 1:10596.

It is still well short of the norm stipulated by the World Health Organization (WHO) of 1:1000. Shortage of doctors is one of the major problems in the primary healthcare system.

Public health, sanitation, hospitals and dispensaries are enlisted under state list in Indian constitution.

C. Vijayabaskar (or Vijayabasker; born 8 April 1974) is an Indian politician from the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Party (AIADMK), and the Health minister of Tamil Nadu.

The Minister of Health and Family Welfare holds cabinet rank as a member of the Council of Ministers. The current minister is Harsh Vardhan.

At the instance of State Government under the pilot project Markkam & Maruthuvam two consultation rooms are provided in the premises of Erwadi Dargah for the Psychiatric teams at Ramanathapuram in 2013-14.

Disease burden is the impact of a health problem as measured by mortality and morbidity. High cost of medicines and longer duration of treatment leads to financial burden to low income groups. An attempt has been made to assess the disease burden of various diseases in the State during 2012-13.