Envisioning a New Socio-Economic Order Online Test 12th History Lesson 9 Questions in English

1. What is the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Industrial Sector in India in 1950?

2. After Independence which way was selected to achieve Economic Development?

3. Which among the following is not the objectives of this socialist pattern of development?

Which among the following statement is correct

1. In agriculture, social and economic justice was to be achieved through a process of landlords which would empower the cultivator. In industry, the privates would play an active role by setting up major industries under the private sector.
2. These were to be achieved through a comprehensive process of planning under Five Year Plans. These strategies had been borrowed from the Soviet experience of rapid economic development.

5. Who among the following was a great admirer of the success of the Soviet Union in achieving rapid development?

Which among the following statement is correct

1. At the time of Independence, agriculture in India was only sector with less problems. In general, productivity was high. The total production of food grains was enough to feed the country, so that a large quantity of food grains had to be exported.
2. Nearly 70 percent of the population depended on agriculture for their livelihood. This automatically increased the income of each person to very high levels. This is a situation described as ‘Improvising employment’.
3. That is, even if many people shifted to other occupations, total production levels would remain the same, because this surplus population was not really required to sustain the activity, and was, in effect, unemployed. Given the high level of poverty among the rural population, most of them were heavily indebted to moneylenders.

7. Which among the following factors attribute the backwardness of agricultural?

8. The government decided to tackle which drawbacks first?

9. Under the Constitution of India, agriculture was which subject?

10. Which among the following was part of the manifesto of the Indian National Congress party even before Independence?

11. Which referred to the class of landowners who had been designated during British rule as the intermediaries who paid the land revenue to the government under a Permanent Settlement?

12. Zamindars collected rent from whom and were obliged to remit a fixed amount to the government as land taxes?

13. Which among the following is not the revenue system introduced by the British?

14. In south India, the cultivators paid the land revenue demand directly to the government under the system known as ______

15. Which system found in very small pockets of the country, where the village was collectively responsible for paying the land revenue?

16. Which among the following state Zamindar system was not abolished by 1949?

17. Where the Permanent Settlement was first introduced in British India?

18. Which Amendment pre-empted the right of zamindars to question the takeover of their land or the value of the compensation?

19. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Finally, zamindari abolition was completed by 1956, and was possibly the most successful of the land reforms. About 30 lakh tenants and sharecroppers gained ownership of 62 lakh hectares of land. The total compensation actually paid to the zamindars amounted to `16,420 lakhs (which amounted to only about one-fourth of the total compensation amount due).
2. In sum, the reform achieved a very high part of the original objective. zamindars kept sufficient land with them and landless people take over their land claiming that this land was under their ‘Constitutional rights’. Thus, while the institution of zamindari was dismantled, the landless people continued in possession of vast tracts of land.

Which among the following statement is correct

1. Tenancy refers to an arrangement under which land was taken on lease from landowners by cultivators under specific terms. Not all tenants were landless peasants. Many small landowners who wanted to cultivate additional land leased out land from other landowners.
2. Some richer landowners also took additional land for cultivation on lease. In general, the rent was paid in kind, as a share of the produce from the land. It was common for large landowners to lease out the land to tenants. Usually these tenancy arrangements continued for long periods of time.
3. The rents received by the landowners generally amounted to about 50% or more of the produce from the land, which was very high. Tenancy was a customary practice and agreements were rarely recorded. Thus, tenants of long-standing were almost never deprived of tenancy rights. However, tenants could also be evicted at short notice, and tenants therefore always lived under some uncertainty.

21. Which among the following was the objective of Tenancy Reform?

22. Which among the following is not the Aim of Tenancy reform legislation?

Which among the following statement is correct

1. Legislation was passed in the centre regulating the rent at one-third to half of the produce. This was implemented successfully throughout the India. The agricultural sector had a surplus of labour whereas land was a resource in excess supply.
2. Price controls did not work in a situation when the demand exceeded the supply. All that happened was that rent rates were pushed under the table without any official record. Laws to secure the rights of the tenant and to make tenancy heritable were equally unsuccessful. Tenancy agreements were made orally, and were unrecorded.
3. The tenant thus always had to live with the uncertainty that their land could be resumed by the landlord any time. When tenancy reform laws were announced many landowners claimed to have taken back their land for ‘personal cultivation’ and that tenants were only being employed as labour to work the land.

24. Land reform measures introduced in which state met with reasonable success?

25. Which refers to the maximum amount of land that could be legally owned by individuals?

26. When Land Ceiling was implemented in Tamil Nadu?

Which among the following statement is correct

1. Deciding the extent of land under land ceiling was a complex exercise, since land was not of uniform quality. Distinctions had to be made between irrigated and unirrigated dry land, and single crop and double crop producing land.
2. At the same time, exemptions from the Act were granted to certain categories of land such as orchards, horticultural land, grazing land, land belonging to religious and charitable trusts, and sugarcane plantations.
3. These exemptions were not used to evade the land ceiling acts but reported cases of manipulation of land records adversely impacted the otherwise laudable initiative. Ultimately, only about 15 lakh hectares of land was taken over as surplus land. This was distributed to about 5 lakh tenants–an average of a little over 3 hectare per tenant.

28. Bhoodan was started by whom to persuade large landowners to surrender their surplus land voluntarily attracted much public attention?

Which among the following statement is correct

1. Land reform legislation has overall not been a great success. In economic terms, the dream of an agricultural sector prospering under peasant cultivators with secure ownership rights has remained just that – a dream – and there was no visible improvement in efficiency.
2. In more recent years, when agriculture has grown due to technological progress, a more inefficient land market is seen to be operating which is more conducive for short term growth. In terms of social justice, the abolition of the semi-feudal system of zamindari has been ineffective. But land reform measures have also made the peasants more politically aware of their rights and empowered them.

30. High Yielding Variety (HYV) of which seeds was adopted in 1965 in select areas well-endowed with irrigation?

31. The initial experimental projects led to the large-scale adoption of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds across the country is known as _____

32. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Unlike traditional agriculture, cultivation of HYV seeds required only less amount of water and use of tractors, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This eliminated an enormous demand for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and these industries grew as well
2. Finally, within twenty years, India achieved self-sufficiency in food production. Total rice production increased from 35 million tonnes in 1960–61 to 104 million tonnes in 2011–12. The increase in wheat production was even more impressive, from 11 million tonnes to 94 million tonnes during the same period. Productivity also increased.

33. The stored food grains in India were made available under whom to ensure food security for the people?

34. In which warehouse the surplus food grain brought from farmers are stored that build by Government?

Which among the following statement regarding Green Revolution id correct

1. Another positive feature has been the sustained increase in the production of milk and eggs. Due to this, the food basket of all income groups became more diversified. While the Green Revolution has been very successful in terms of increasing food production in India, it has also had some negative outcomes.
2. First of all, it increased the disparities between the well-endowed and the less well-endowed regions. Over the decades, there has been a tendency among farmers to use chemical fertilizers and pesticides in excessive quantities resulting in environmental problems. There is now a move to go back to organic farming in many parts of the country.

36. Which is defined as the level of expenditure required to purchase food grains to supply the recommended calorie level to sustain a person?

Which among the following statement is correct

1. Though the percentage of the persons below the poverty line did not increase, as the population grew, the number of persons living below the poverty line kept increasing.
2. Poverty prevailed mostly in urban areas. Because since nearly one-third of the population lived in urban areas, urban poverty was a much more critical problem requiring immediate attention.
3. Poverty levels were also much higher among specific social groups such as small and marginal farmers, landless labourers and depressed classes in resource poor regions without irrigation and with poor soil, etc.

38. Which among the following is not meant for Rural Development program?

39. When consolidated rural development programme called Integrated Rural Development Programme was introduced?

Which among the following statement is correct

1. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) introduced in all the 3011 blocks in the country, the target was to provide assistance to 300 families in each block over ten years (1980–1990), which would reach a total of 25 million families.
2. The capital cost of the assets provided was covered by subsidies (divided equally between the Centre and the States) and loans. The subsidy varied according to the economic situation of the family receiving assistance.
3. For small farmers, the subsidy component was 25%, 33.3% for marginal farmers and agricultural labourers, and 50% for tribal households. Banks were to give loans to the selected households to cover the balance of the cost of the asset. About 53.5 million households were covered under the programme till 1999.

41. What was the percentage accounted for Dairy Animals in assets provide by Integrated Rural Development Programme?

42. Which among the following was not the major issue of Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)?

43. When Integrated Rural Development Programme was restructured as a programme to promote self-employment of the rural poor due to its limited success?

Which among the following statement is incorrect

1. Over the years, due to concerted efforts, the percentage of households below the poverty line has come down substantially in India. It is now widely recognised that eradicating rural poverty can be achieved only by expanding the scope for agricultural employment.
2. Many programmes to generate additional employment had been introduced over the years. Many were merged with the employment guarantee scheme, which is now the biggest programme on this front in the country.

45. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act passed in 2005 subsequently renamed after whom?

46. In MGNREGA the livelihood security to poor rural households was to be achieved by giving at least how many days of wage employment each year?

Which among the following statement is correct

1. The earlier targeted programmes of rural development were applicable to all rural households, which had led to several complaints that ineligible families had been selected. MGNREGA, however, is based on the identification of below poverty line families.
2. The reasoning is that it is a self-targeting scheme, because persons with education or from more affluent backgrounds would not come forward to do manual work at minimum wages. The earlier employment generation programmes did not give the rural poor any right to demand and get work.

48. Who implement the programme in Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act?

49. After applying for work in MGNREGA the work is to be provided by the local authorities within how many days?

50. In MGNREGA the work site should be located within how many kilometres of the house of the applicant?

Which among the following statement is correct

1. Native contractors are to be involved. This is to avoid the profits which will be taken by the urbans thus cutting into the wages. The ratio of wages to capital investment should be 50:50. One-fourth of the workers would be women.
2. As with all government programmes, many studies were conducted regarding the proper implementation of MGNREGA. On the positive side, agricultural wages have gone up due to the improved bargaining power of labour.
3. This has also reduced the migration of agricultural workers to urban areas during the lean period or during droughts. One of the most important benefits is that women are participating in the works in large numbers and have been empowered by the programme.

52. Which among the following statement is Incorrect

1. Wages of the workers are paid directly into their hands before Gram panchayat to ensure transparency and hassle – free transfer of payments. women would be paid more wages compared to men to improve women empowerment.
2. The involvement of civil society organisations, non-governmental organisations and political representatives, and a more responsive attitude of the civil servants have improved the functioning of MGNREGA in states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.

53. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Between 2006 and 2012, around `1,10, 000 crores had been distributed directly as wage payment under the programme, generating 1200 crore person-days of employment.
2. In spite of many shortcomings, the functioning of the programme has improved due to higher levels of consciousness among the rural poor and concerned civil society organisations.
3. Though many critics feel that the high expenditure involved in the programme increases the fiscal deficit, the programme remains popular and nearly one-fourth of all rural households participate in the programme each year.

54. Which model stressed a model of growth with village and cottage industries as the ideal way to produce consumer goods, which would eliminate rural poverty and unemployment?

55. Which among the following statement is incorrect

1. India was committed to the idea of promoting rapid industrial growth for economic development. Development can be achieved through several pathways.
2. In a country like India with a large population where many raw materials were grown or were available, processing industries which were more labour intensive would have also led to industrial growth.

56. The government adopted which model of focusing on large scale, heavy industry to promote wide-ranging industrial development?

57. In keeping with the basic principle of a “socialistic society”, who would play a major role in developing the industrial sector through setting up units wholly owned?

58. The social purpose that would be achieved by Nehruvian model of development was to restrict whose capital?

59. When Industrial first policy statement was made in India?

60. The first Industrial policy statement classified industries into how categories?

61. Which among the following Industry is not Strategic industries which would be state monopolies?

62. How many industries of national importance are under government control?

63. The most definitive policy statement was the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 which classified industries into how categories?

64. The Industrial Development and Regulation Act of 1951 was an important instrument for controlling which sector?

65. The Policy Statement of 1977 was framed by which government?

66. Which policy statement encouraged large industrial houses to start operations in rural and backward areas to reduce regional imbalances in development?

67. The Policy Statement of 1980 was announced which government also aimed at promoting balanced growth?

68. Which among the following statement regarding Industrial policy is correct

1. There were also other interventions which intruded into the market economy. For instance, inputs produced in the private sector like cement were rationed, and permits had to be obtained even for private construction of houses.
2. The manufacture of consumer goods was severely restricted under the licensing policy. This was partly an expression of the ideology of reducing inequalities in consumption between the affluent and weaker sections of society.
3. But it was also a way to ensure that scarce resources like steel, cement etc. would be used in strategic industries for the long-term development of the economy. Many important industries and services were nationalised. These included coal mines, petroleum companies, banking and insurance services.

69. How many public sector enterprises in India in 1951?

70. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The setting up of public sector enterprises in heavy industry was again dictated by two considerations. First, at the ideological level, the government was committed to a socialistic pattern of development which involved a high degree of state control over the economy
2. But at a more practical level, the government had to take over the responsibility for the establishment of heavy industrial units which required a very high level of investment. These were known as “long gestation” projects, that is, it would take many years before such units would be able to start production.
3. In the 1950s, the private sector has the resources or the willingness to enter into such investment. Steel plants in Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur and Bokaro, engineering plants like Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) and Hindustan Machine Tools were all set up in the 1950s in collaboration with Indian Government which provided the technical support.

71. Where Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) was first set up in India?

72. In which among the following state Steel plants were not set up in the relatively backward belt?

73. Which among the following statement is correct

1. By 1991 it was clear that public sector enterprises were facing severe problems. While on the whole they were showing a profit, nearly half of the profit was contributed by the petroleum units. Many were making continuous losses.
2. Part of the problem lay in the expansion of the private sector into non-strategic areas like tourism, hotels, consumer goods (for instance, in the 1970s, television sets were produced only by private sector companies) and so on.
3. There were many factors which contributed to the performance of public sector enterprises. Difference of opinions were expressed regarding the decision on location of those enterprises. Delays in construction resulted in cost overrun, so that the units were overcapitalized.

74. Which among the following statement is incorrect

1. Public sector units were also overstaffed, though the technology of heavy industries did not require so many workers. This increased the operating cost of the units. Recognising all these problems, the government began a programme of disinvestment of the loss-making and nonstrategic units in 1991.
2. In spite of all the shortcomings, the strategy of industrialisation by concentrating on building up long-term industrial capacity through the establishment of heavy industries has been successful in making India into a modern, industrial economy.

75. Which year the government announced a shift in its industrial policy to remove controls and licences, moving to a liberalised economy to the private sector?

76. Which among the following statement regarding Liberalisation: Industrial Policy Statement 1991 is correct

1. On the positive side, liberalisation and globalisation have resulted in a significant decrease in income disparities between the top income groups and the lower income groups. The removal of ceilings on corporate salaries has narrowed the disparities between the salaried class of corporate executives and wage earners
2. On the negative side, liberalisation has certainly made India a more attractive destination for foreign investment. State governments are frustrated to advertise that they are relaxing restrictions to improve the ease of doing business in their state. All this has created a general air of prosperity which is reflected in the growth statistics of the economy as a whole

77. In Industrial Policy Statement 1991 which sector has very limited potential for additional employment?

78. Which economists are not happy with the level of liberalisation?

79. India followed the example which country in planning for development through five-year plans?

80. Till now there have been twelve Five Year Plans completed in addition to how many one-year plans?

81. Which among the following statement is correct regarding Five year plan

1. The proposed outlays for a Plan take both private and public sector outlays into account. The total outlay proposed for the First Plan was `3870 crores. By the Eleventh Plan, it had crossed `36.44 lakh crores, which is an indication of the extent to which the Indian economy had grown in less than sixty years.
2. Between the Second and Sixth Plans, public sector accounted for 60 to 70% of the total plan outlay. But since then, the share of the public sector gradually came down, and private sector began to dominate in total plan outlay.

82. The First Plan (1951–56) focused on developing which sector?

83. The Second Plan (1956–61), commonly referred to as what plan?

84. The first two Plans had set fairly modest targets of growth at about 4%, which economists described as the _____

85. From which Five year plan the emphasis was on poverty alleviation, so that social objectives were introduced into the planning exercise?

86. The economy was liberalised during the which Five Year Plan?

87. In 2015, the Planning Commission was wound up and replaced by what?

88. Which among the following is wrong about achievements of Five-Year Plans?

89. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Education and health constitute the social sectors, and the status of education and health indicators are yardsticks for assessing the level of social development in a country. Literacy levels have increased in India from 18.3% in 1951 to 74% in 2011.
2. Female literacy still overtakes the male literacy rate at 84% as compared to 82% among men. There has been a great increase in the number of schools from the primary to senior high school level and in the growth of institutions of higher learning.
3. In 2014 – 15 there were 12.72 lakh primary and upper primary schools, 2.45 lakh secondary and higher secondary schools, 38,498 colleges and 43 Central Universities, 316 State Universities, 122 Deemed Universities and 181 State Private Universities in the country.

90. Which among the following is not the program initiated by government related to Education?

91. Which was the only science research institute in India before Independence?

92. Where Indian Institute of Science (IISc) established in 1909?

93. The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) was set up in 1945 on the initiative of whom?

94. Where the National Chemical Laboratory, the first institutes set up in India around the time of Independence?

95. Where the National Physics Laboratory, the first institutes set up in India around the time of Independence?

96. Which is the umbrella organisation under which most of the scientific research institutions function?

97. Which is the nodal agency for the development of nuclear science which is strategically important, focusing both on nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons?

98. Which is the coordinating agency for the research done not only in basic agriculture, but also associated activities like fishery, forests, dairy, plant genetics, bio-technology and varieties of crops?

99. How many agricultural universities are there in Tamil Nadu?

100. Where the first Indian Institute of Technology were located?

101. Match the following Institutions with its present numbers of Institution in India

•              List I                                                                          List II

1. Agricultural University                                                              31
2. Indian Institutes of Technology                                                 67
3. National Institutes of Technology                                              25
4. Indian Institutes of Information Technology                               23