Indian Polity Revision Test Part 6 in English

Explanation: Gandhi was thrown off the train at Pietermaritzburg. Shivering in the winter night in the waiting room of the station changed the course of his life. He took up the fight against racial oppression.

Explanation: The United Nations Organisation (U.N.O) was formed after the Second World War. It proposed to deal with the consequences of war and to prevent such happenings in the future. UNO was established in 1945.

Explanation: There are 30 articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and it guarantees freedom of expression as well as civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights. These rights apply to all people, irrespective of their race, gender and nationality, as all people are born free and equal.

Explanation: There are 30 articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and it guarantees freedom of expression as well as civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights. These rights apply to all people, irrespective of their race, gender and nationality, as all people are born free and equal. This general explanation of Human Rights by UDHR is not a legally binding document; however it has a political and moral importance and many of its guarantees have become standard norms today.

Explanation: The General Assembly of the United Nations passed a Resolution on April 9, 1985 adopting a set of guidelines for consumer protection to persuade the member countries to adopt policies and laws for better protection of the interests of the consumers.

Explanation: The Sale of Goods Act, 1982: This Act protects consumers against sellers not complying with expressed and implied warranties in the sale contract.

Explanation: Indian Standard Institution (Certification marks) Act, 1952 (Now ISI is known as Bureau of Indian Standards), The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, The Trademark Act, 1999.

Explanation: The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 controls and prevents pollution in India.

Explanation: Sensing the pressure mounting from various consumer protection groups and consumers themselves, the Central Government enacted a comprehensive law called the Consumer Protection Act in 1986.

Explanation: The earlier approach of caveat emptor, which means “Let the buyer beware,’’ has now been changed to caveat venditor (“Let the seller beware”).

Explanation: There are three parties involved in the sphere of business transactions viz. the Government, business and the consumers. Let us discuss what each party has to do in this regard.

Explanation: Business enterprises should desist from hiking the price in the context of acute shortage of goods /articles. Business enterprises should not give false warranty for the products. It should ensure supply of good quality. Business enterprises should disclose correct, complete and accurate information about the product viz. size, quality, quantity, substances, use, side effects, precautions, weight, exchange, mode of application etc. Business enterprises should not convey false, untrue, bogus information relating to the product through the advertisements in media and thus mislead the consumers.

Explanation: Consumer action councils established at village levels should educate consumers of the right.

Explanation: Consumer action councils established at village levels should educate consumers of the right. There should be testing laboratories at each district to test the purity of goods. Consumer cooperatives need to be strengthened. It should regulate business enterprises according to the rules of the industry. Voluntary consumer groups should provide information so as to educate consumers on matters affecting them through media.

Explanation: The Trademark Act, 1999 prevents the use of fraudulent marks on the product.

Explanation: The Consumer Protection Act 1986 does not create rights or liabilities, but it has emerged as new forum for the settlement of disputes relating to the sale of goods or services. The loss claimed by the consumers must be a loss resulting from on some “deficiency of service” or “defect in the goods.”

Explanation: Honey is adulterated with water and table sugar to enhance the quantity. Coffee powder is adulterated with tamarind seed. Papayas seed is added to black pepper.

Explanation: The term consumerism was first coined by businessmen in the mid - 1960s as they thought consumer movement as another “ism” like socialism and communism threatening capitalism.

Explanation: Mr. Ralph Nader pioneered the fight against monopoly and unethical trade practices of large companies in the United States. He is considered to be the father of the Consumer Movement.

Explanation: Weights and Measures Act, 1958 protects the consumer against malpractices of underweight or under measurement. This Act has been replaced as the Legal Metrology Act, 2009.

Explanation: The Drugs and Magic Remedies (advertisements) Act, 1954 prohibits advertisement of drugs and remedies claiming to have magical properties.

Explanation: The Consumer Protection Act 1986 seeks to protect and promote the interests of consumers. The act provides safeguards to consumers against defective goods, deficient services, unfair trade practices, and other forms of their exploitation. The Act is referred in short as ‘COPRA’.

Explanation: This Act came into force with effect from 15.04.1987. This Act was further amended in 1993.

Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi's quote about Consumerism - “What is a man if he is not a thief who openly charges as much as he can for the goods he sells?”

Explanation: The fundamental rights are : • Right to Equality • Right to Freedom • Right against Exploitation • Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion • Cultural and Educational Rights for minorities • Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Explanation: Six different types of freedom are mentioned in the Constitution. They are: a. Freedom of speech and expression. b. Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms. c. Freedom to form associations and unions. d. Freedom to reside and settle in any part of India. e. Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India. f. Freedom to practice any profession and carry on any occupation, trade or business.

Explanation: ‘The original Constitution which came into force with effect from 26th January, 1950 did not contain Fundamental Duties. These were incorporated in the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976.

Explanation: Every state in India has a State Human Rights Commission established in accordance with the power conferred on the state under section 21of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.

Explanation: Maintenance and welfare of parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 is a legislation passed in 2007 by the Government of India. This Act is a legal obligation for children and heirs to provide maintenance to senior citizens and parents.

Explanation: Right to Education Act is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in 2009 for free and compulsory education for children from 6 to 14 years of age as under Article 21A of the Constitution.

Explanation: The Kavalan SOS App is launched by the Government of Tamil Nadu for public use during emergencies. Anyone in a critical situation, not only women, can easily and directly access the State Police Control Room using this App.

Explanation: If a reply is not received within 30 days, an appeal can be filed with the Appellate Authority.

Explanation: Article 39(d) ensures equal wages to male and female workers for equal work.

Explanation: WRIT is a written order from the court or other legal authority ordering to do an act or not to do it.

Explanation: PreethikaYashini won her right of employment by approaching the court according to the Right to Constitutional remedies.

Explanation: The National Human Rights Commission is an autonomous body constituted on 12th October 1993 under the protection of Human rights Act,1993.

Explanation: Malala - Nobel Peace prize laureate says "I loved school. But everything changed when the fundamentalist took control of our town in Swat Valley.

Explanation: Child Rights in the Indian Constitution Article 24 – No child below the age of 14 must be employed in hazardous employment.

Explanation: The Central Government amended the Hindu Succession Act in 2005.

Explanation: The Scheduled Tribes constitute a total of 8.6 percent of India’s population. They continue to practice their native norms and customs and on most occasions remain inaccessible to the rest of the world. This has become an important ground for the preservation of their rights.

Explanation: This act was enacted in October 2005. A common man can demand any government organization to provide information. The information must be provided within thirty days. If not, a fee will be collected as penalty from the concerned official. It is one of the most powerful laws of the country. This act is people friendly; even an illiterate person can ask any Public Information Officer to write it down for him. All government agencies like Municipal Corporations, Government departments, Government Schools, Road Authorities, etc., come under this Act.

Explanation: 1098 Childline is India's first 24 hours free emergency phone service for children in need of assistance. Special care is given for vulnerable children like those affected by child labour, child marriage and children affected by any abuse.

Explanation: It is a great victory for female workers who stand all the time more or less 12-14 hours per day while they are working in shops and commercial malls in Kerala for decades as Government of Kerala amended the shops and commercial establishment Act in July 2018.

Explanation: Commodities which will not cover under the ambit of GST. Cooking Gas, Petrol, Diesel, Air Fuel, Natural Gas, Liquor.

Explanation: All IAS officers, regardless of the mode of entry, are appointed by the President of India.

Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi said about the Customer “A customer is the most important visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us. We are dependent on him.

Explanation: On 24th December 1986, Government of India enacted the CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1986 to 01. Ensure Rights of Consumers 02. Provide Remedies for deceived Consumers 03. Check Unfair Business Proc¬ess & Restric¬ve Trade Process. This is a unique law in the WORLD.

Explanation: The responsibilities of consumer are listed below; 1. The consumer must pay the price of the goods according to the terms and conditions of the sales contract.

Explanation: The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) at the apex is situated at New Delhi

Explanation: At present, there are more than 620 District Forums and more than 30 State Commissions.

Explanation: The International Organisation of Consumers Unions (IOCU) was first established in 1960 to create cross-border campaigns and share knowledge; it has over 250 member organisations in 120 countries.

Explanation: The State Commission can entertain complaints within the territory of entire state and where the value of the goods or services and the compensation, if any claimed exceed Rs. 20 lakhs and below Rupees One Crore.

Explanation: Consumer awareness covers Consumer awareness about Maximum Retail Price (MRP).Consumer awareness about Fair Price Shop. Consumer awareness about price, quality, and expiry date of the product.

Explanation: A person who is or who has been or is qualified to be, a District Judge as forum President.

Explanation: The Commission is headed by a serving or retired judge of the Supreme Court of India.

Explanation: The Consumer Protection Act postulates establishment of Consumer Protection Councils at the District, State and Central levels for the purpose of spreading consumer awareness.

Explanation: The following are the powers of the State Commission. 1. The State Commission also has the power to call for the records and pass appropriate orders in any consumer dispute which is pending before or has been decided by any District Forum within the State. 2. To produce before and allow to be examined by an officer of any of these agencies, such books of accounts, documents or commodities as may be required and to keep such books, documents, etc., under his custody for the purposes of the Act. 3. To furnish such information that may be required for the purposes of the Act to any officer so specified.

Explanation: Any person aggrieved by an order of the State Commission may prefer an appeal to the National Commission within 30 days from the date of such order.

Explanation: The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission has been constituted by a Notification. 1. The National Commission should have five members. 2. One should be from judiciary. 3. Four other members of ability, knowledge and experience from any other fields. 4. It should include a woman.

Explanation: Consumer should be protected against Defects of product b) Deficiencies of product c) Unfair and restrictive trade practices.

Explanation : E-governance can be defined as the application of ICT tools in (1) the interaction between government and citizens and businesses, and (2) in internal government operations to simplify and improve democratic governance.

Explanation : Article 324 of the Constitution provides that the powers of superintendence, direction and control of elections to parliament, state legislatures, the office of president of India and the office of vice-president of India shall be vested in the election commission.

Explanation : The idea of human rights emerged stronger after the Second World War. This War led to unimaginable violation of human rights.

Explanation: People wanted to ensure that never again would anyone be unjustly denied life, freedom, food, shelter, and nationality. These voices played a critical role in the San Francisco meeting in which the United Nations Charter was drafted in 1945.

Explanation: The United Nations Organisation (UNO) which was established on 24th October 1945 took up the issue. Human Rights is an important theme in all UN policies and programmes in the areas of peace and security, development, humanitarian assistance and economic and social affairs.

Explanation: The Declaration was proclaimed by the UN General Assembly in Paris, France on 10th December 1948(General Assembly resolution 217A). In remembrance of every year 10th December is observed as the Human Rights Day and its regular observance commenced from 1950.

Explanation: Cyrus the Great, the first king of ancient Persia, freed the slaves and declared that all people had the right to choose their own religion and established racial equality. These and other decrees were recorded on a baked clay cylinder in the Akkadian language in cuneiform script. It is translated into all six official languages of the United Nations and its provisions parallel the first four Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Explanation: Human Rights are based on the values of Dignity – The right to life, the right to integrity, the prohibition of enforced labour, slavery and degrading punishment. Justice – The right to fair trial, proportional punishment to crime, the right not to be trialed more than once for the same crime. Equality – Equality before law. No discrimination on race, religion, gender, age, ability/disability etc.

Explanation: There are 30 Articles incorporated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is to honour the United Nations General Assembly for declaring the human rights universally.

Explanation: Political rights are exercised in the formation and administration of a government. The Civil and Political rights are directly related to modern democracy. They protect the individual from the misuse of political power and recognise every individual’s right to participate in their country’s political process. It includes the freedom of expression, and peaceful assembly, the right to take part in the government of one’s country, the right to vote, the freedom of speech and obtain information.

Explanation: The right to freedom of religion and to speak the language and to practice the cultural life of the community, the right to share in scientific advancement, and right to the protection of moral and material interest comes under cultural right.

Explanation: The term civil rights refer to the basic rights afforded by laws of the government to every person. This is the right to be treated as an equal to anyone else. It includes the rights to life, liberty, freedom from slavery and arbitrary arrest.

Explanation: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India was established on 12th October, 1993.

Explanation : The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is an independent statutory, and non-constitutional body. Its headquarters is located in New Delhi. NHRC is a multimember body which consists of a Chairperson and other members. The President appoints the Chairperson and other members. They are appointed for 5 years or till the age of 70 years whichever is earlier.

Explanation: The state Human Rights Commission of Tamil Nadu was formed on 17th April, 1997. It functions at the state level. It consists of three members including a Chairperson. A state Human Rights Commission can inquire into violation of human rights related to subjects covered under State list and Concurrent list in the seventh schedule of the Indian Constitution. (not if NHRC already enquiring).

Explanation: Article 21A provides that the state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children aged six to fourteen years.

Explanation: In 1995 the Fourth World Conference of Women, held in Beijing, developed a Platform for Action to recognise women’s rights and improve women’s livelihood worldwide, and follow-up meetings monitored progress towards meeting these goals.

Explanation: Fundamental rights are required for the al- round development of a human being. There are seven fundamental rights in Indian constitution. The fundamental rights are: • Right to Equality • Right to Freedom • Right against Exploitation • Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion • Cultural and Educational Rights for minorities • Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Explanation: It is against the law to employ children below 14 years of age in mines, factories or other occupations. Neither contractor nor an employer can force a worker to do a job against the their will.

Explanation: Maintenance and welfare of parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 is a legislation passed in 2007 by the Government of India. This Act is a legal obligation for children and heirs to provide maintenance to senior citizens and parents.

Explanation: These are in the form of duties and responsibilities of citizens. ‘The original Constitution which came into force with effect from 26th January, 1950 did not contain Fundamental Duties. These were incorporated in the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976.

Explanation: The Fundamental Duties' are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. These duties set out in Part IV–A of the Constitution, concern individuals and the nation. There are 11 fundamental duties.

Explanation: A child is a person who has not completed the age of 18 years i.e. a minor as per UNO. This principle is exhibited in Articles 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Based on these principles, the declaration of the Rights of the child was accepted and adopted in the UN General Assembly on 20th November, 1989.

Explanation: The Right of children To free and compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, means that every child has a right to formal Elementary Education. This right of children provides free and compulsory education till the completion of elementary education in a neighbourhood school. The child need not pay any kind of fee for completing elementary education.

Explanation: The Kavalan SOS App is launched by the Government of Tamil Nadu for public use during emergencies. Anyone in a critical situation, not only women, can easily and directly access the State Police Control Room using this App.

Explanation: 1098 - Childline is India's first 24 hours free emergency phone service for children in need of assistance. Special care is given for vulnerable children like those affected by child labour, child marriage and children affected by any abuse.

Explanation : Article 24 – No child below the age of 14 must be employed in hazardous employment. Article 45 – Free and compulsory education for all children until they attain the age of 14 years.

Explanation: The state of Tamil Nadu provides 69% of reservation to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Most Backward Classes / De-notified Communities and Backward Classes in public employment and in educational institutions. Backward class Muslims are granted separate reservation.

Explanation: There was a strong voice against this inhuman practice among women workers for a long time. Considering this, the Government of Kerala has decided to redress by amending the Shops and Commercial Establishment Act in July 2018.

Explanation: The Constitution ensures right to equality, equality of opportunity in public employment, right to form associations and unions, right to livelihood, prohibits trafficking, forced labour and child labour. Article 39(d) ensures equal wages to male and female workers for equal work.

Explanation: POCSO Act - Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act Th e Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 regards the best interest of the child as being of paramount importance at every stage.

Explanation: Kailash Satyarthi is a Nobel Peace Prize recipient and the founder of Bachpan Bachao Andolan, and many other child rights organisations. More than 86,000 children in India have been liberated by him and his team members from child labour, slavery and trafficking.

Explanation: In Tamil Nadu, ancestral property rights were given to women through Hindu Succession (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act 1989. The Central Government amended the Hindu Succession Act in 2005. By this amendment, women are now given equal shares in inheritance of the undivided property.

Explanation: For persons studied in Tamil medium 20% seats are offered under each category on priority basis.

Explanation: The findings of an international survey reveals that children with disabilities are 3.4% more sexually abused than normal children.

Explanation: Section 21 of The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 describes, the National Commission shall have jurisdiction

Explanation: The Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) operates the Consumer Welfare Fund (CWF). The primary objective of the CWF is to strengthen the Consumer Advocacy Movement in India.

Explanation: NATIONAL COMMISSION- (Above ¬One Crore).

Explanation: The complaint should be registered by the following ways: Complaint can be registered within 2 years from the date on which the cause of action has arisen, to the date on which the completion from the deficiency in service. Stamp paper is not required for declaration Complaint can be registered, in person, by the complainant or through his authorised agent or by post addressed to the Redressal Agency. Advocates are not necessary.

Explanation: The former president of U.S.A Mr. John F. Kennedy defined the basic consumer rights as “The Right of Safety, the Right to be informed, the Right to choose and the Right to be heard.”