Indian Polity Revision Test Part 2 in English

Explanation: The word ‘Citizen’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Civis’ which means resident of a City State of Ancient Rome.

Explanation: Indian Citizenship Act, 1955 This act is to provide for the acquisition and termination of Indian citizenship.

Explanation: The citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship. They are by birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and incorporation of territory.

Explanation: By Birth : A person born in India on or after1st July 1987 is considered as a citizen of India only if either of his Parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. By Descent: A Person born outside India on or after 26th January 1950 but before 10th December 1992 is a citizen of India by descent, if his father was a citizen of India at the time of his birth.

Explanation: Part II of the Constitution of India (Article 5-11) prescribes three ways of losing citizenship. They are Renunciation, Termination and Deprivation.

Explanation: Nationality is the status of belonging to a particular nation by origin, birth basically, it’s an ethnic and racial concept. Nationality of a person cannot be changed. Citizenship is granted to an individual by the government of the country when he/she complies with the legal formalities. Citizenship can be changed.

Explanation: Our Indian Constitution provides for only Single citizenship, that is, the Indian citizenship. But federal states like USA and Switzerland has dual citizenship. (National citizenship and the State citizenship).

Explanation: According to 42 Amendment of our Constitution, a set of Fundamental Duties are prescribed for all citizens of India.

Explanation: The citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship. They are by birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and incorporation of territory.

Explanation: PravasiBharatiya Divas (PBD) Sponsored by Ministry of External Affairs of Government of India is celebrated once in every two years, to “mark the contributions of Overseas Indian Community in the development of India”. The day commemorates the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi in India from South Africa.

Explanation: Rule of law was advocated by A.V.Dicey, the British legal luminary.

Explanation: As of 2017, gender equality is the fifth of seventeen sustainable development goals of the United Nations.

Explanation: India is the first country to give right to vote to women from the very first general election held in the year 1952.

Explanation: Equality is a powerful moral and political ideal that has inspired and guided human society for many centuries. The concept of equality invokes the idea that all human beings have equal worth regardless of their caste, colour, gender, race or nationality.

Explanation: Article 18 - abolishes the titles conferred to citizen.

Explanation: Equality before law and equal protection of law have been further strengthened in the Indian constitution under Article 21.

Explanation: Liberty and Equality are the two fundamental concepts of democracy. All people should be equal before law and everybody should be given equal chance and opportunity to participate in political life.

Explanation: In Switzerland the right to vote is given to women in 1971.

Explanation: According to Prof Laski “Equality does not mean identity of treatment, the sameness of reward. It means first of all absence of social privilege, on the second it means that adequate opportunities are laid upon to all”.

Explanation: The First General Election In India was held in 1952.

Explanation: Aristotle - defines citizenship as “he who has the power to take part in the deliberative or judicial administration of any state.”

Explanation: Marshall, a liberal-social democrat links citizenship to social class in the context of capitalism.

Explanation: The Maintenance and welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act was passed in 2007 by to provide maintenance and support to elderly parents and senior citizens.

Explanation: National citizenship assumes that our state can provide us with protection and rights we need to live. However, states today are to tackle a lot of problems and hence individual rights are guaranteed to protect the safety of the people. Global citizenship on the other hand, deals with the importance of citizenship across the national boundaries.

Explanation: Marshall, citizenship has three essential divisions: civil, political and social. Every individual requires a right for freedom and that is what is in as civil component. This is also an important ingredient of rule of law.

Explanation: Maintenance, according to the Act, pertains to “provision for food, clothing, residence and medical attendance and treatment’’.Any person who is responsible for the protection and care of a senior citizen and intentionally abandons the senior citizen completely is liable to pay a fine of 5000/- or be imprisoned for three months or both.The Act mandates that the maximum maintenance paid will be 10,000/- per month. The maintenance amount is determined by the needs of the claimant and the aim is provide maintenance for the person to lead a normal life.

Explanation: “Rights are powers necessary for the fulfilment of man’s vocation as a moral being...” T.H. Green.

Explanation: Isaiah Berlin defines rights in terms of positive liberties and negative freedoms. A positive right is an entitlement to: A right to free expression, for instance, entitles one to voice opinions publicly. A negative right is a freedom from; Freedom of person is a right to be free of bodily interference.

Explanation: Rights are the important rational and moral claims of the people for the societal development. They are available to all the people irrespective of caste, creed, race or gender bias. Rights are duties are interrelated to each other. “No duties, no rights.” “If I have rights it is my duty to respect the rights of others in the society”. Rights are justiciable. Rights are protected and enforced by the laws of the state. It is the duty of the state to protect the rights of the people.

Explanation: On August 29, 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a drafting committee under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Explanation: Part-III of the Indian Constitution contains Fundamental Rights that is the critical foundation of the Democratic ethos of the Indian Constitution.

Explanation: Indian Constitution in its text and scope is the most detailed and the most elaborate in the world.

Explanation: “Duties and rights are inseparable, for the previlege of the later one has to perform the former”.-Mahatma Gandhi.

Explanation: It took the Constituent Assembly 2 years 11 months and 20 days to frame the Constitution.

Explanation: Articles 14–18 : Right to Equality Articles 19-22 :Right to Freedom Articles 23–24 : Right against Exploitation Articles 25–28 : Right to Freedom of Religion Articles 29–30 : Cultural and Educational Rights Article 32 : Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Explanation: Article 26 allows establishing and maintaining institutions related to religious affairs and charitable purposes also.

Explanation: prohibits the children below the age of 14 years from employment in any factory or mine or any kind of hazardous labour.

Explanation: Article 32 provides the remedies to the citizens at the Supreme Court while Article 226 by the High Court.

Explanation: “The right privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution”.

Explanation: An arrested person has also the liberty to consult and be defended by a lawyer of his choice. Besides this, he is not to be kept under custody beyond 24 hours and must be produced before the Magistrate.

Explanation: Preventive Detentionis considered as a check on the actions of the miscreants which is actually the dire need of the hour.

Explanation: High Court Writs- Article 226 Supreme Court – Article 32

Explanation: The RTI act was enacted in the Year 2005.

Explanation: The incorporation of Gandhian Principles under the Directive Principles of State Policy directs in promoting cottage industries on an individual or cooperative basis in the rural areas. These principles also endeavour in controlling the consumption of intoxicants.

Explanation: Right to equality forbids any form of untouchability and considers this as a serious offence.

Explanation: The 12th session of the Assembly held on January 24, 1950 elected Rajendra Prasad as the first President of the Indian Union.

Explanation: Plato considers education is a cureto corruption and political instability.Hence, he speaks for effective andresponsible form of education.

Explanation: The Act mandates that the maximum maintenance paid will be 10,000/- permonth. The maintenance amount is determined by the needs of the claimant andthe aim is provide maintenance for the person to lead a normal life.

Explanation: Legal rights are thosewhich are accepted and enforced by thestate. Legal rights are of three types: Civil, Political, Economical Rights.

Explanation: The 12th session of the Assemblyheld on January 24, 1950 elected RajendraPrasad as the first President of the IndianUnion. The legal and political luminariesof the Assembly affixed their signatureson the official copies of the IndianConstitution.

Explanation: Fundamental rights arecritical and instrumental in protecting therights and liberties of the individuals inthe country.By doing so, they establish thedemocratic way of living through the secardinal principles of equality and justice.

Explanation: Part-IV of the Indian Constitutionis Directive Principles of State Policy.It constitutes the most comprehensivepolitical, economic and social programmefor the welfare state.

Explanation: It also seeks to provide free andcompulsory education to all children between the age group of 6 and 14 years.

Explanation: Articles 14–18 : Right to Equality Articles 19-22 : Right to Freedom Articles 23–24 : Right against Exploitation Articles 25–28 : Right to Freedom of Religion

Explanation: Right to freedom of religionguarantees to all persons freedom ofconscience and authorises them to profess,practice and propagate any religionsubject to the prescribed limitations ofpublic order, morality and health.

Explanation: • He was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1990.

Explanation: “15 women members were in theConstituent Assembly”

Explanation: Switzerlandhas had a long history of asuccessful direct democracy.

Explanation: In 2007, the UNOGeneral Assembly resolvedto observe 15th September asthe International Day of Democracy.

Explanation: New zealand is the first country to allowwomen to vote (1893). Voting rights towomen were given in 1918 and 1920 in theUK and USA respectively.

Explanation: The right to property as enshrinedin the constitution removed by the 44th amendment of 1978.

Explanation: Article 19 of the constitution guarantees seven freedoms : Freedom of speech and expression Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms. Freedom to form associations or unions. Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India. Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory on India. Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

Explanation: According to Dr. Ambedkar, Article 32 is “theheart and soul of the whole constitution.”

Explanation: On 10 December 1984, the United Nations General Assembly adopted theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, which has become a universal standard fordefending and promoting human rights.

Explanation: There are three different groups of rights : Civil and political rights : the right to life,freedom of expression, the right to vote, personal safety and integrity. Economic, social and cultural rights : such as the right to an education, housing, health and work. Collective rights : such as the right to self – determination, peace and an acceptable environment.

Explanation: In Direct Democracy the Electors Participate in Government Indirectly.

Explanation: “Democracy comes from the Greek words demos meaning ‘People’ and kratosmeaning ‘authority’ or ‘power.’”

Explanation: The chief direct democratic devices are : Initiative Referendum Recall

Explanation: The fundamental rights in India are justici able ina court of law. They are contained from article 19 to 32.

Explanation: Cultural and educational Rights :

Explanation: Cultural and educational Rights : The constitution safeguards the freedom of every minority community to practiceits own religion and conserve its own culture, language and script. All minorities, religious or linguistic have been given the right to establish andadminister educational institutions and no discrimination can be shown in granting aidto them.

Explanation: Article 16- Equal Oppurtunity for all Matters of Public Employment.

Explanation: Article 20 of the Constitution Prohibits Arbitrary Imprisonment of a Person.

Explanation: The Fundamental Duties are Enshrined in Part IV Constitution from the Articles 36-51.

Explanation: The Fundamental Rights are Classified under 6 heads.

Explanation: Natural :These rights are parts of human natureand reason. Political theory explains thatan individual has certain basic rights andthe government cannot deny these rights.rights are equally available to all the citizens and they follow without any discrimination. Legal rights are those which are accepted and enforced by the state.

Explanation: Political rights include the right to vote, right to get elected, right to hold public office. Economic rights provide the economic security to the people.

Explanation: Contractual RightsThese rights originate from thepractice of promise – keeping.

Explanation: Slaves for example were not considered as citizen, and so could not participate in public affairs. Ancient political thinkers like Aristotle, advocated citizenship only to limited persons.

Explanation: For example, ambassadors of different countries are working and living in India. But they are not citizens of India but are aliens. The difference between a citizen and an alien is, that former enjoys political and social rights, whereas the latter does not enjoy. An alien cannot vote or contest in election in that country.

Explanation : An acquired citizen is one who acquires the citizenship on application fulfilling certain requirements. A person who stays in a country for 15 years is eligible to apply for citizenship.

Explanation : Single Transferable Vote: In this system, which is designed for multimember constituency, the voter possesses only one vote. But he can make his priority like 1,2,3, etc, according to his requirement. If a candidate fails to secure a majority, the vortes polled for him will be reallocated according to the second choice, and then third choice, until a clear majority is obtained by a candidate. In India, election of the president, and members of Rajya Sabha are held on the single transferable vote method.

Open Ballot: Under this system, the voters raise their hands to support a candidate. Montesquieu advocated this system because, seeing intelligent people raise their hands for a right candidates, the uneducated man would also support him. However this method is not practical, considering the vast size of electorates. In the legislative assemblies and the parliament, when motions and bills are introduced the speaker puts it for voting. Members who support raise their hands on that basis, the speaker declares the bill passed or defeated.

Explanation: Functions of NHRC To inquire into the violation of human rights or negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant To intervene in court proceedings relating to human rights To undertake and promote research in the field of human rights.

Explanation: The Right of children To free and compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, means that every child has a right to formal Elementary Education.

Explanation: the declaration of the Rights of the child was accepted and adopted in the UN General Assembly on 20th November, 1989.

Explanation: Article 45 – Free and compulsory education for all children until they attain the age of 14 years.

Explanation: In Tamil Nadu, ancestral property rights were given to women through Hindu Succession (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act 1989. The Central Government amended the Hindu Succession Act in 2005. By this amendment, women are now given equal shares in inheritance of the undivided property.

Explanation: Salient features of POCSO Act The Act defi nes a child as any person below eighteen years of age, to ensure the healthy, physical, emotional, intellectual and social development of the child. When the abuse is committed by a person in a position of trust or authority vis-à-vis the child, like a family member, neighbours or any other acquaintances.

Explanation: An ordinance providing the death penalty for rapists of girls below 12 years of age and other stringent penal provisions for rape has been promulgated in April 2018. Th e Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, 2018, amended the Indian Penal Code.

Explanation: Right to Property was removed from the fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment.

Explanation: ‘The original Constitution which came into force with effect from 26th January, 1950 did not contain Fundamental Duties. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India is one of a Fundamental Duty.

Explanation: PreethikaYashini won her right of employment by approaching the court according to the Right to Constitutional remedies.

Explanation: The SHRC shall enquire into violation of human rights in respect of matters specified in the state and concurrent lists. Its objectives and duties are the same as NHRC, but confined only to the state. It has a chairman and two members. It has the power of a civil court and can take cognizance of cases if received or in suo motu. It can also recommend compensation to victims.

Explanation: A child is a person who has not completed the age of 18 years i.e. a minor as per UNO.

Explanation: The state of Tamil Nadu provides 69% of reservation to the Scheduled Classes, Scheduled Tribes, Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes, Denotifi ed communities and Minorities.

Explanation: The court then issues orders which are called ‘Writs’ to the government to restore the rights to the citizen.

Explanation: The Constitution states eleven Fundamental Duties as given below: Respect for the Constitution and its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem. To follow and cherish the noble ideals which inspired our National Struggle for freedom. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. To promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, regional or sectional diversities, to renounce practicesderogatory to the dignity of women. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and have compassion on living creatures. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. To safeguard public property and to abjure from violence. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity, so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievements. To provide opportunities for education by the parent and guardian to their child or ward upto the age of 14 years.

Explanation: The Protection of Children from Sexual Off ences Act, 2012 regards the best interest of the child as being of paramount importance at every stage.

Explanation: Human rights include those rights which are basic to a real life and are absolute, i.e. it cannot be taken away. Fundamental rights includes only those rights which are basic to a normal life.